American Revolution The Boston Massacre

In the years following the French and Indian War, the Parliament increasingly sought ways to alleviate the financial burden caused by the conflict. Assessing methods for raising funds, it was decided to levy new taxes on the American colonies with the goal of offsetting some of the cost for their defense. The first of these, the Sugar Act of 1764, was quickly met by outrage from colonial leaders who claimed taxation without representation, as they had no members of Parliament to represent their interests. The following year, Parliament passed the Stamp Act which called for tax stamps to be placed on all paper goods sold in the colonies. The first attempt to apply a direct tax to the North American colonies, the Stamp Act was met with widespread protests. Across the colonies, new protest groups, known as the Sons of Liberty formed to fight the new tax. Uniting in the fall of 1765, colonial leaders appealed to Parliament stating that as they had no representation in Parliament, the tax was unconstitutional and against their rights as Englishmen. These efforts led to the Stamp Acts repeal in 1766, though Parliament quickly issued the Declaratory Act which stated that they retained the power to tax the colonies. Still seeking additional revenue, Parliament passed the Townshend Acts in June 1767. These placed indirect taxes on various commodities such as lead, paper, paint, glass, and tea. Again citing taxation without representation, the Massachusetts legislature sent a circular letter to their counterparts in the other colonies asking them to join in resisting the new taxes. London Responds In London, the Colonial Secretary, Lord Hillsborough, responded by directing colonial governor to dissolve their legislatures if they responded to the circular letter. Sent in April 1768, this directive also ordered the Massachusetts legislature to rescind the letter. In Boston, customs officials began to feel increasingly threatened which led their chief, Charles Paxton, to request a military presence in the city. Arriving in May, HMS Romney (50 guns) took up a station in the harbor and immediately angered Bostons citizens when it began impressing sailors and intercepting smugglers. Romney was joined that fall by four infantry regiments which were dispatched to the city by General Thomas Gage. While two were withdrawn the following year, the 14th and 29th Regiments of Foot remained in 1770. As military forces began to occupy Boston, colonial leaders organized boycotts of the taxed goods in an effort to resist the Townshend Acts. The Mob Forms Tensions in Boston remained high in 1770 and worsened on February 22 when young Christopher Seider was killed by Ebenezer Richardson. A customs official, Richardson had randomly fired into a mob that had gathered outside his house hoping to make it disperse. Following a large funeral, arranged by Sons of Liberty leader Samuel Adams, Seider was interred at the Granary Burying Ground. His death, along with a burst of anti-British propaganda, badly inflamed the situation in the city and led many to seek confrontations with British soldiers. On the night of March 5, Edward Garrick, a young wigmakers apprentice, accosted Captain Lieutenant John Goldfinch near the Custom House and claimed that the officer had not paid his debts. Having settled his account, Goldfinch ignored the taunt. This exchange was witnessed by Private Hugh White who was standing guard at the Custom House. Leaving his post, White exchanged insults with Garrick before striking him in the head with his musket. As Garrick fell, his friend, Bartholomew Broaders, took up the argument. With tempers rising, the two men created a scene and a crowd began to gather. In an effort to quiet the situation, local book merchant Henry Knox informed White that if he fired his weapon he would be killed. Withdrawing to safety of the Custom House stairs, White awaited aid. Nearby, Captain Thomas Preston received word of Whites predicament from a runner. Blood on the Streets Gathering a small force, Preston departed for the Custom House. Pushing through the growing crowd, Preston reached White and directed his eight men to form a semi-circle near the steps. Approaching the British captain, Knox implored him to control his men and reiterated his earlier warning that if his men fired he would be killed. Understanding the delicate nature of the situation, Preston responded that he was aware of that fact. As Preston yelled at the crowd to disperse, he and his men were pelted with rocks, ice, and snow. Seeking to provoke a confrontation, many in the crowd repeatedly yelled Fire! Standing before his men, Preston was approached by Richard Palmes, a local innkeeper, who inquired if the soldiers weapons were loaded. Preston confirmed that they were but also indicated that he was unlikely to order them to fire as he was standing in front of them. Shortly thereafter, Private Hugh Montgomery was hit with an object that caused him to fall and drop his musket. Angered, he recovered his weapon and yelled Damn you, fire! before shooting into the mob. After a brief pause, his compatriots began firing into the crowd though Preston had not given orders to do so. In the course of the firing, eleven were hit with three being killed instantly. These victims were James Caldwell, Samuel Gray, and runaway slave Crispus Attucks. Two of the wounded, Samuel Maverick and Patrick Carr, died later. In the wake of the firing, the crowd withdrew to the neighboring streets while elements of the 29th Foot moved to Prestons aid. Arriving on the scene, Acting Governor Thomas Hutchinson worked to restore order. The Trials Immediately beginning an investigation, Hutchison bowed to public pressure and directed that British troops be withdrawn to Castle Island. While the victims were laid to rest with great public fanfare, Preston and his men were arrested on March 27. Along with four locals, they were charged with murder. As tensions in the city remained dangerously high, Hutchinson worked to delay their trial until later in the year. Through the summer, a propaganda war was waged between the Patriots and Loyalists as each side tried to influence opinion abroad. Eager to build support for their cause, the colonial legislature endeavored to ensure that the accused received a fair trial. After several notable Loyalist attorneys refused to defend Preston and his men, the task was accepted by well-known Patriot lawyer John Adams. To assist in the defense, Adams selected Sons of Liberty leader Josiah Quincy II, with the organizations consent, and Loyalist Robert Auchmuty. They were opposed by Massachusetts Solicitor General Samuel Quincy and Robert Treat Paine. Tried separately from his men, Preston faced the court in October. After his defense team convinced the jury that he had not ordered his men to fire, he was acquitted. The following month, his men went to court. During the trial, Adams argued that if the soldiers were threatened by the mob, they had a legal right to defend themselves. He also pointed out that if they were provoked, but not threatened, the most they could be guilty of was manslaughter. Accepting his logic, the jury convicted Montgomery and Private Matthew Kilroy of manslaughter and acquitted the rest. Invoking the benefit of clergy, the two men were publically branded on the thumb rather than imprisoned. Aftermath Following the trials, tension in Boston remained high. Ironically, on March 5, the same day as the massacre, Lord North introduced a bill in Parliament that called for a partial repeal of the Townshend Acts. With the situation in the colonies reaching a critical point, Parliament eliminated most aspects of the Townshend Acts in April 1770, but left a tax on tea. Despite this, conflict continued to brew. It would come to head in 1774 following the Tea Act and the Boston Tea Party. In the months after the latter, Parliament passed a series of punitive laws, dubbed the Intolerable Acts, which set the colonies and Britain firmly on the path to war. The American Revolution would begin on April 19, 1775, when to two sides first clashed at Lexington and Concord. Selected Sources Massachusetts Historical Society: The Boston MassacreBoston Massacre TrialsiBoston: Boston Massacre

The Presentation of Mr. Brocklehurst in Brontes Jane...

The Presentation of Mr. Brocklehurst in Brontes Jane Eyre Chapter seven sees Jane slightly more experienced to the ways of Lowood School. She has come to accept the poor conditions laid down by Mr. Brocklehurst, however has not yet learnt to ignore them and Bronte describes Jane suffering a lot in this chapter. This lack of food and appalling living conditions are down to the head of the school, Mr. Brocklehurst. This man uses his apparent strong beliefs in Christianity as an excuse to provide the children of Lowood with the absolute bare minimum. Brocklehurst claims his â€Å"mission is to mortify in these girls the lusts of the flesh†, presenting the idea that perhaps Brocklehurst is simply a man that has a immensely firm grasp of his†¦show more content†¦nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Shortly after, Brocklehurst gives a short lecture to Miss. Temple (quot;Madam allow me an instant...starve their immortal souls!quot;) proclaiming the righteousness behind his puritanist doctrine he forces upon the girls. He speaks to Miss. Temple in a civil tone, however he maintains a superior, self-obsessed tone throughout. His beliefs are directly spoonfed to the reader here, he simply reels them off and this is where the readers initial interpretation of Brocklehurst simply being an immensely cruel man with no empathy whatsoever is replaced with a view of him being a religious fanatic. He is not portrayed as hypocritical at this stage, simply quite obsessive towards his beliefs. It is possible to interpret him as a decent human being here, as it appears he genuinely believes that unless the girls live a life following a set of standards like what he is putting across here they will without go to hell. The girls had recently been prepared extra food after their breakfast was spoilt. He states that a quot;judiscious instructorquot; would take this oppurtunity to refer to the quot;suffering of primitive christiansquot; and the quot;torments of martyrsquot;, suggesting that he genuinely believes he is creating faithful mart yrs out of the girls by treating them like this. He quotes from the Bible quot;If ye suffer hunger...happy are yequot;, apparently valuing this quote and doing everything he canShow MoreRelatedRole Of Childhood In Jane Eyre1118 Words   |  5 PagesDiscuss the presentation of childhood in Jane Eyre and Hard Times It is important to appreciate historical context when studying literature in order to gain as thorough understanding of the text as possible. Jane Eyre is a bildungsroman novel originally published in the 19th Century when Victorian attitudes to childhood differed considerably from today. Victorian England was a very patriotic society. Both Jane Eyre and Hard Times were written in an era of social upheaval. During the 17th andRead MoreFeminism In Jane Eyre1729 Words   |  7 Pagescentral themes in many amazing works of literature. This concept represents feminine independence and self-esteem in a male-dominated society. One of the famous authors who convey this idea is Charlotte Brontà « especially in her best-selling novel Jane Eyre in which she discusses the social background of the Victorian society and its effect on women. What society teaches women is not always right; it is up to women to rely on their moral senses to take the proper path for their actions. During the Victorian

Mona Lisa Compare Contrast Free Essays

In the 14th century, a new cultural movement known as the Renaissance began. Young Leonardo Dad Vinci constructed a portrait known as the Mona Lisa. This painting is arguably the most famous painting of time. We will write a custom essay sample on Mona Lisa Compare Contrast or any similar topic only for you Order Now Now in the 21st century, a fresh artist â€Å"Abstract,† has developed a similar work of art associated to the Mona Lisa known as â€Å"Wonder’s Finest. † With both pieces of work containing the same subject along with different time periods, there is no doubt that both of these paintings contain it’s differences and similarities accordingly to their centuries. The differences include the backgrounds, the different colors, and the way â€Å"Mona Lisa,† is represented. The Mona Lisa has its many mysteries, but none other than it’s background and landscape. The landscape of the Mona Alias’s painting describes both the negative and positive viewpoints on society during the time of the Renaissance period. To the left of the artwork, represents a green healthy environment with a river signaling the peace and tranquility of the time period. To the right of the landscape, a dry wasted and appears with a bridge. This represents a switch of spirit between good and evil. It foreshadows the period to when Medici took over Florence through tyranny and took over the Pope’s spot in Italy. In comparison with â€Å"Wonder’s Finest,† it too shows a spiritual battle between evil and good. The angel is trying to lure â€Å"Mona Local,† back from the wraths of the demon and beneath the window, appears a garden of peace and tranquility. In today’s society, it’s that same type of conflict. We live in a spiritual oral between God and the devil as both trying to win the souls of mankind. The morality of this abstract reveals how the devil has almost completely claimed the life of once-innocent Mona Lisa. The background suggests that those who have fallen to the devil are now trapped within the deserts of Egypt. The bottles of alcohol suggests that her life has been consumed by heavy drinking as well. In the original Mona Lisa painting, the female who is drawn is a light-hearted madam who smile and body position describe who she is, what she is living and why s she living it. In the artwork â€Å"Mona Lisa,† the light colors represent lightness in her life and heart. Although, the painting features both light and evil colors, the amount of light represented outshines the darkness. Her smile represents the goodness in her heart. Also, it represents the mood as she has successfully defeated the darkness of those ages. Her black dress with the golden sleeves represent a a well respected housewife. Both paintings suggest Mona Lisa and Mona Local were well fascinated by their breasts. They both expose the cleavage of breasts presuming to the seduction of men. In contrast, â€Å"Mona Local,† is a straight on where Just by how she was drawn with the naughtiest position and dark image. The black and gray colors symbolize the dead soul inside of her. Her posture sells her out completely. Her legs are wide open and her exposed breasts explaining the hustler business she runs. The light colors by the near side window can be explained as to her life in a different dimension. The life where she dreams of going, but yet sees it so far away due to her condition. The clothing she wears are fishnets attached with dirty money, with a short skirt and a see-through bra. Her face melting away is a clear sign she is almost disappearing from this world. I have seen thousands of paintings, but none like these two. Both of the painting share it’s extremes coincidences in differences and similarities that tie both paintings together to society. It is crazy to think that young inspired artists drew these not knowingly the effect they would have on society through it’s interpretation. How to cite Mona Lisa Compare Contrast, Papers

Corporate Communication Plan for Samsung Company †Free Sample

Question: Discuss about the Corporate Communication Plan for Samsung Company . Answer: Introduction A communication plan plays an integral role in the success of any business project. Cornelissen (2011) argues thatit is an essential document for complex and high-risk company tasks and as such it is imperative for the person left with the responsibility of preparing the communication program to ensure that all pertinent details are captured and issued to the relevant parties timely and in the most appealing presentation possible. This plan is mainly used to describe how the organization's stakeholders among other interested publics either internal or external will be kept informed during the business project (Society for Human Resource Management, 2006). Stakeholder identification The recall project of the company will be influenced and affected by various interested groups both internal and external. In order to provide Samsung with the basis for figuring out the point at which a concession or a standard benefit will meet, the Corporation is committed to a plan of analyzing the relevant stakeholders listed in accordance with their significance and their individual interests (Argenti, 2007). Shareholders- During the lifetime of the project Samsung Company will present the shareholders with efficiently-presented facts and figures since their interests are value-based. These individuals are expected to make their decisions hoping that the business task of recalling products will not result in any loss or side effects (Westland, 2007). The customers- The primary interest of the clients in the recalling task is the value of the new products offered as well as their safety. In addition, they are expecting the company's decision of replacing original devices will be cost-effective and result in maximum benefit. Suppliers, creditors and insurance providers- These parties take the risk of providing support to the entity. The replacement mission of Samsung Company will aim at protecting their interests by avoiding subjecting them to additional threats or losses (Kloppenborg, 2015). Objective and scope of the communication plan This communication plan aims at outlining the strategies and methodologies to be employed for the recalling task communication, distribution of information as well as how the project will be managed throughout its epoch (Project Management Institute, 2008). The principal objects of this communication program are to: Share information among the involved parties and create alignment with external shareholders to ease replacement of the initial devices and maintain customer loyalty in the products of Samsung. Identify and enhance a strategy to inform significant stakeholders. Maintain the mission of transformation of the corporations products. Manage relevant information and expectations of various interested parties (Marchewka, 2015). This communication plan will cover: Information distribution- How relevant information will be disseminated to all parties involved in the project. Communication planning-It will cover the information requirements of various stakeholders, the time they need it, format, suitable means as well as how to receive message and feedback Stakeholder management- Recognition of different task stakeholders, evaluation of their needs and interests in the company (Vandenbosch, 2003). Various formal and informal communication channels In the course of the devices replacement project, the company will employ both formal and informal communication channels. Official communications within the organization will be executed through well-known channels following a chain of command to transmit information such as the objectives, procedures, and policies of Samsung in the recalling project (Berman, 2007). Besides, the organization will make use of informal communication networks which are not based upon any set measures thus they will allow the involved parties to take inventiveness into their own hands. Informal communication channels are employed during this replacement project to enable people to come up with ideologies and plans to make the whole task successful (Sengupta, 2011). Examples of formal communication channels that Samsung purposes to utilize in this mission include circulars, minutes, board conferences and a companys newsletter that will be providing the staff members as well as customers with its set goals and vision in the replacement project (Russell, 2000). In addition, in an attempt to back up the efforts of the annual reports and employers manual, Samsung will conduct client satisfaction surveys all which will encompass formal communication networks. However, the corporation has thought it wise to consider the merits and demerits associated with various official communication channels to test their suitability and effectiveness during the execution of the recalling project (DuBrin, 2009). Advantages of formal communication channels Secure communication systems among the top level executives and the employees Quick task accomplishment since they enable various parties to communicate with ease Ease of coordination and cooperation of activities throughout the lifetime of the project Disadvantages of formal communication channels Inflexibility since these communication systems do not allow somebody to change their views when the need be. Lack of initiative hence deprived creativeness of employees because everybody is expected to do their duty by adhering to a predetermined set system (UNEP Dams and Development Project, 2007). Moreover, informal communication channels are considered suitable for the devices recalling process since they empower members handling routine customer issues and problems in various branches around the world. Informal discussions will mainly take place among the staff members to exchange their individual views primarily to satisfy the social needs of product buyers (Glenn, 2014). Examples of such communications include grapevine network which spreads throughout the firm and in every direction without putting into consideration the levels of authority. It is through grapevine that rumors will go around and deliberations which will transform into friendships outside the company (Lu, 2003). Besides, Samsung will include other informal communication platforms such as Twitter, Videos, Cartoons, and Facebook. Advantages of informal communication Speedy and spontaneous because information flows in these systems will be faster comparatively. Helps in establishing social relationships as they offer different parties a chance to associate well in a free environment Informal communication networks will aid in supplementing formal channels since there are some matters which cannot be communicated formally. Disadvantages of informal communication Unreliable information since most of the messages received through these systems are not relevant Informal communication networks may lead to the disclosure of confidential information which can be deemed detrimental to the company ( Heldman, Cram, 2004). Commentary about how I will critically evaluate the effectiveness of your communications plan. In an attempt to ensure a splendid communication strategy during the companys project, I will conduct a thorough evaluation of this communication plan both during its execution and after its implementation. Carrying out the evaluation during the implementation will allow me to make necessary adjustments and response to new information during the project (Doak, Doak, In Fischhoff, In Brewer, In Downs, United States, 2011). Conducting analysis after its execution will most probably provide me with valuable lessons for future company projects. Evaluation of this communication strategy will take place throughout the project lifetime through holding regular official meetings to acquire updates and identify more needs of various interested parties. Another way I will evaluate the plan is through interactions with the customers and other target groups involved in the process (Haddow, Haddow, 2014). Conclusion A communication plan is a critical tool for the success of any business project. This strategy highlights imperative intricacies deemed essential throughout the lifetime of the organization task. For instance, Samsung after a careful adherence to the details included in this communication plan will be able to meet the needs of all affected customers by recalling some devices posing a safety risk to them. Besides, as depicted in the paper, a communication plan includes various information flow channels which can be used in the process as well as their merits and demerits. Summarily this program serves as a valuable tool for revealing critical details before the actual implementation of the project. References Cornelissen, J. (2011). Corporate Communication: A Guide to Theory and Practice. Society For Human Resource Management (E?. U.). (2006). The essentials of corporate communications and public relations. Boston, Mass: Harvard Business School Press. Argenti, P. A. (2007). Strategic corporate communication. New Delhi: Tata McGraw-Hill Pub. Co. Project Management Institute. (2008). A guide to the project management body of knowledge: (PMBOK Guide). Newtown Square, Pa: Project Management Institute. Sengupta, S. (2011). Business and managerial communication. New Delhi: PHI Learning Private Limited. Russell, L. (2000). Project management for trainers: Stop "winging it" and get control of your training projects. Alexandria, Va: ASTD. DuBrin, A. J. (2009). Essentials of management. Mason, OH: Thomson Business Economics. Lu, X.-A. (2003). "Public Secrets" as a phenomenon in organizational communication: How public knowledge fails to become organizational action. Lincoln, NE: iUniverse. Doak, L. G., Doak, C. C., In Fischhoff, B., In Brewer, N. T., In Downs, J. S., United States. (2011). Communicating risks and benefits: An evidence-based user's guide. Haddow, G. D., Haddow, K. (2014). Disaster communications in a changing media world. Westland, J. (2007). The project management lifecycle: A complete step-by-step methodology for initiating, planning, executing and closing a project successfully. London: Kogan Page. Berman, J. (2007). Maximizing project value: Defining, managing, and measuring for optimal return. New York: Amacom, American Management Association. Glenn, T. (2014). Professional communications in the public sector: A practical guide. UNEP Dams and Development Project., UNEP Dams and Development Project. (2007). Dams and development: Relevant practices for improved decision-making: a compendium of relevant practices for improved decision-making on dams and their alternatives. Nairobi: UNEP-DDP Secretariat. Kloppenborg, T. J. (2015). Contemporary project management: Organize, plan, perform. Vandenbosch, B. (2003). Designing solutions for your business problems: A structured process for managers and consultants. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Heldman, W., Cram, L. (2004). Project+ study guide. San Francisco: Sybex. Marchewka, J. T. (2015). Information technology project management: Providing measurable Organizational value.

As I Learn To Write an Example of the Topic Arts Essays by

As I Learn To Write It is not just a matter of being required by the curriculum of the school or the course taken. Learning and developing writing skills is one asset I strongly believe that is very useful in every aspect of life - school, work, community, and family. Somehow, I will need to write to them, for them, about them. As I learn to write, I realized that I am not only putting to good use my skill but I become better in communicating myself, my ideas, my thoughts, my feelings. And to share myself through skills and wit in writing, I truly establish a relationship - and a destiny. It is very interesting that my being vocally and verbally confident, fluent and an extrovert gave me the idea that I will not have problems "writing". Then within the moments and the lectures that came along in my writing class, I stuck "my tongue in cheek". What a universal concept awakened to me about the delight, the responsibility, the discipline that writing requires! Need essay sample on "As I Learn To Write" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed My learning started with know the value of organizing my thought or theme. I have to first believe in the theme I will write about then plan out the organization. I found it a real challenge to put my thoughts in order. I strongly believe that eventually when I have organized my theme, my enthusiasm in developing the theme increases. Then, I learned and appreciated the importance of data gathering and researching information. Being adept in reading and understanding information not only provides data that will support my theme but it likewise inspires me to write. As I read well constructed and organized articles and publications, I am further motivated that I can create something of the same if not better as long as I keep the patience and perseverance and enthusiasm to learn. What comes along after I have sufficient data and information, is for me to draft out the outline. After reviewing that my outline sufficiently covers the theme, I will construct the essay in its full form. I realized that due time must be exerted in this process so that I do not create and produce a haphazard writing that will take grammar and punctuation for granted. I greatly appreciate and desire to perfect my syntax; word usage; wealth of vocabulary; punctuation; figures of speech; verb tenses; positioning of modifiers and articles; agreement of subject and predicate - and all other grammatical principles. Finally, when the essay has been fully written, I realize and understand the importance of review. Not only once, but even up to three times. I will even seek assistance of a third person to read for me my work as a final check and balance. This will not only safeguard the paper and essay from errors, but will likewise deeply inculcate in me the essence of my theme. And during class discussion, I can talk about the theme of my essay from my heart - with very minimal need for side notes. 'I believe that much of what is important in American life depends on clear oral and written communication,' noted Kerrey. 'This survey confirms everything we believe about how the ability to present oneself persuasively and articulately on paper is a big part of individual opportunity in the United States,' Kerrey said. (The National Commission on Writing) I therefore believe that being fluent in speech and proficient in writing builds confidence and happiness. I like that very much. And my learning to write within such disciplines of fluency and proficiency will make me a better person. I also acknowledge that a commendable communication skill in the written form will lead me to success in my chosen endeavor as I go on with my life. Work Cited: "Writing Can Be A Ticket to Professional Jobs, Says Blue-Ribbon Group". 14 September Writing Skills Necessary For Employment, Says Big Business The National Commission on Writing

Death of Salesman essays

Death of Salesman essays The book Death of a Salesman is all about the American Dream. However, some take the American Dream a little too far, and thats all they want in life. Willy took this a little too far. He had a false sense of importance in the world. When you do that and shut everything else out, you will lose everything, even yourself. The main character in this book does just that. He is a salesman who wants nothing but to be rich and well liked. After trying and trying to do this and never succeeding, he loses everything and even takes his own life. Its just as Willys son, Biff states at the end: The man didnt know who he was. (Miller138) Willy is the main character in the play. He is a crazy man who develops many problems because of his outlook on life. He let the American Dream take over and basically kill him. He spends all of his life thinking that if you are well liked you will succeed in life and become rich. Success in his mind is being rich and well liked. Even though he thinks that being well liked is so important, he isnt well liked. I know when I walk in. They seem to laugh at me. (Miller36) Over these invalid statements he loses his mind, friends, family, job and his whole life. His way of thinking also carries onto his children. You see this because his two sons turn out to be much like him for the most part. Biff is Willys perfect son, he is Willys pride and joy. Willy thinks that Biff will make it in life and be well liked and successful. Biff while in high school accomplished so much and was very successful. He was an all star football player and was the most popular guy in school. He looked up to his Dad and wanted to be just like him up until the night he went to Boston. That was the night that everything in Biffs life ended. After that he flunked math, didnt graduate, and became nothing at all. Willy throughout ...

Fundamentals of Finance Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Fundamentals of Finance - Coursework Example The returns of HSBC are compared against the London Stock Exchange and against Barclays Bank. This report includes the analysis of stock price movement of HSBC, Barclays Bank and London Stock Exchange. Apart from this, Beta of HSBC and Barclays have been calculated and the report also includes beta analysis of the two companies. INTRODUCTION This report analyses the stock price of one of the renowned financial institutions in the world, HSBC. HSBC is considered as the second largest financial and banking group in the world. In this report, stock price movement of HSBC has been compared with the average market movement of London Stock Exchange. In addition to this, the stock price movement of HSBC is compared with one of its competitors, Barclays Bank. In order to have better analysis, the return from market is also compared with return of Barclays as it would help in analysing better whether the movement in price is because of banking industry or the company itself. Barclays has been chosen as the competitor in the report because it is another multinational bank operating in different countries like HSBC. HSBC is considered as the second largest banking and financial services group of the world and according to Forbes Magazine it is also the second largest public company [6. 7]. ... HSBC has increased in 2010 from 2009 and it has reached to a figure of 19.04 billion with a net income of 13.16 billion USD (Annual Report and Accounts, 2010). ANALYSIS Financial Ratios: Liquidity Ratio Liquidity ratios of HSBC do not show very positive figures as the current ratio of HSBC in 2010 is 0.27 which has decreased from 0.30 in 2009. However current ratio in the last five years has been in the range of 0.27 to 0.32 which shows that the bank does not have sufficient current assets or it has too many current liabilities. Liquidity Ratios Formulae 2010 2009 2008 2007 2006 Current Ratio Current Assets/Current Liabilities 0.27 0.30 0.32 0.30 0.28 Quick Ratio Current Assets - Inventory/Current Liabilities 0.27 0.30 0.32 0.30 0.28 Since banks do not have any inventory therefore, current ratio will be the same as quick ratio. Profitability Ratios: Net profit margin has increased in 2010 since 2007; however it is understandable because of the financial crisis that hurt the economy o f the world particularly the financial sector. Net profit margin has increased to 36% in 2010 from 16% showing that the economy as well as HSBC is recovering from recession. Also the return on assets is not attractive and it is representing that the bank is not using its assets effectively or they are underutilized. The same is the case with return on equity as it is too low for investors to invest. Profitability Ratios Formulae 2010 2009 2008 2007 2006 Operating Income Margin Operating Income/Sales 42% 13% 18% 60% 62% Profit Margin Profit/Revenue 36% 16% 15% 54% 49% Return on Assets Profit/Assets 0.58% 0.28% 0.26% 0.87% 0.91% Return on equity Profit/Equity 4.39% 2.19% 2.22% 7.02% 7.16% Leverage Ratio Leverage ratio represents that HSBC has been heavily financed with Debt. The debt ratio

Option Pricing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Option Pricing - Essay Example Options are used by holders for leverage or for protection. The leverage function helps the holder to control the shares bought for a portion what they would have cost. On the other hand, protection measures are adopted when the holder wants to guard against price fluctuations. He enters into a contract with the rights to acquire the stock for a fixed period and specific price. The contracts, in either case, should be highly observed and monitored for efficient outcomes. The methods used in pricing options have been applied for years and can only be effective if the worth of the option is achieved. This is determined by the probability that on the expiration, the option price will be on a substantial amount of money. Any holder of an option expects a gain on his underlying asset to attain the worth of holding for the time given. The Black Scholes and the Binomial method are the elaborated on below in determining the true worth of an option. The Black Scholes Model: This model dates b ack in the twentieth century in its application. It was developed by Fisher Black and Myles Scholes in 1973 hence the name Black Scholes (Marion, 2003, 16). It is still in use today. This model uses the theoretical call price whereby the dividends amounting during the life of the option is not included in the computation.   Theoretically, the price of an option (OP) has been determined by the formulae given below: In this case: (Simon & Benjamin, 2000, 255; Brajendra, 2011, 372) The variables in the above formulae are expressed as shown below: S is the stock price X is the strike price t is the time remaining until the expiration, denoted as percent of a year r is the compounded risk-free interest rate predominant in the current market v is the annual volatility of stock price.   ln is the natural logarithm N(x) is the standard normal cumulative distribution function e is the exponential function Below are the necessary requirements for validating this model: Dividends are not p aid during the stock period. Variance and interest rate does not change in the course of the option contract. There is no discontinuity in the stock price i.e. a shift from one price to another like the case of tenders. This model applies volatility and normal distribution to determine the movement of options. The Excel add-in format can be used to calculate the normal distribution. Volatility, on the other hand, can be implied or historical. The implied volatility of an option allows market traders to observe the current prices of options to determine how volatile they are. This is done by calculating the standard deviation i.e. v2, and in this case, all other variables have to be known. Nevertheless, historical analysis is not left out. The traders have to observe the performance of the option over past years to assess volatility.  

Strategy of Sweetco Inc Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Strategy of Sweetco Inc - Case Study Example Apart from this, another fact was also revealed that Sweetco received money from its holding company for its operational functions on the basis of loans. This is the reason why the CFO has asked for an extension in the credit terms to 60 days. The objective is now to analyze the financial credibility of Sweetco at present and make a future projection so that we can decide whether to maintain the business relationship or not. The best option in such a case is to ascertain credit scores of the company Sweetco Inc. Assigning credit scores means defining certain factors for making decisions and allotting weight age on each factor. For example, 30 percent weight age for the payment history of the customer, 30 percent weight age to the amount of money outstanding, 15 percent weight on the length of the credit history, 10 percent weight on the newly generated credits, and 10 percent on the different types of loans being offered to the customer, i.e. Sweetco Inc. For this purpose the marketi ng contacts would be utilized; the investigation of credit shall be done through reliable sources; the customer of Sweetco Inc. can be contacted for information on the company’s status; the documents and financial statements can be filled based on the information acquired from different sources; the credit file for Sweetco. Inc. should be prepared; and finally a wholesome financial analysis is untaken. Hardline Position: The hardline position involves an extreme decision. In this case the decision would be that the company should not continue the business with Sweetco Inc and increasing the credit terms does not comes into play in this case. If the credit scores and the financial analysis show that Sweetco Inc. neither has the ability to pay back the money nor would be able to attain sustainability without the help of its holding company or any other financial support.

Employers Obligations for Employee Health and Safety

Employers Obligations for Employee Health and Safety To what extent is the employer obliged to exercise care for the health and safety of the employee while performing his or her duties? Is the current position in this regard satisfactory? Introduction The obligations of the employer for health and safety have undergone an interesting development on both the common law and statutory sides of legal regulation. This paper will examine the current extent of obligations for employers towards the health and safety of their employees while they are carrying out their work duties. This current position will then be analysed in order to determine whether it is satisfactory. A. Current Health and Safety Obligations of the employer to the employee 1.The Common Law The common law duty of care[1] translates into an implied term of the contract and in the case of Wilsons and Clyde Coal Co v English[2] the House of Lords identified three key areas in which this implied duty lies: (a)Competent Staff An employer will be liable if they do not provide their employees with sufficient training. This occurred in Hawkins v Ross Castings Ltd[3] where an employee sustained an injury as a result of a spillage of molten metal at the fault of a seventeen year old colleague who possessed only a rudimentary standard of English. Another facet to the heading of competent staff is the actual behaviour of the employees whereby, acts of mischief or ‘larking around’ can be of a particular danger as occurred in Hudson v Ridge Manufacturing Co Ltd.[4] (b) Safe Plant and Equipment An employer is obliged to provide safe equipment and this even applies where there was no knowledge of there being a fault. This is a departure from the traditional common law perspective but is not a new measure as it into effect with the passing of the Employer’s Liability (Defective Equipment) Act of 1969. Here all faults in equipment to be attributable to the employer where a third party has been negligent and in order to meet the financial needs of this obligation, insurance is obligatory for such actions in accordance with the Employer’s Liability (Compulsory Insurance) Act 1969. In the interests of fairness, the employer and/or the insurance company can then sue the manufacturer. (c) Safe System of Work This obligation is twofold whereby the employer must, firstly, tell the employees of the location of safety equipment[5] and secondly, the employer has the right to assume that the employee possesses a degree of common sense with the result that there is no obligation to warn of dangers that are obvious such as the hitting of an unexploded bomb with a hammer[6] or running in the corridor to obtain lunch.[7] This highlights the fact that the employer must find a balance between the obvious and the not so obvious safety measures where there would be an obligation to inform the employee of risks and the proper procedures. Employees may make a decision not to take certain precautions, but if the risk is obvious, their employer will not be liable[8], however despite any conscious choice on the part of the employee, a risk that is not obvious will always rest with the employer[9]. This standard is ideal as it rightly presupposes the authority of the employer and their superior knowledge bu t at the same time, also acknowledges personal autonomy of employees for which the employer should not be held liable. A further and more recent application of the safe system of work is that the employer must refrain from requiring that the employee work excessively long hours[10] and cause unnecessary levels of stress[11] that arise on account of insufficient staffing and the even more serious occurrence of bullying in the work place.[12] This gave rise to an innovation in liability for the psychological injury that employees could sustain and in this era of greater pressure in the work place, it would have been a far more applicable head of claim to a greater number of employees than that of the traditional doctrine of liability for physical injury alone. However two recent cases on this matter gave rise first of all, limitation and then outright exclusion of heads of claim concerning stress in the work place. The earlier limitation arose in Sutherland v Hatton[13] in which it was held by the Court of Appeal that there had to be ‘plain indications of impending harm’ that would arise f rom the stress. This is part of a traditional acceptance that there has to be a balance between the likelihood of the injury occurring and the cost to the employer of protecting his employees.[14] In the latter case of Barber (Appellant) v. Somerset County Council (Respondents)[15] involved a teacher suffering from stress and the House of Lords rejected the notion of an employer’s duty of care. Lord Scott of Foscote stated that: â€Å"The school is entitled to expect, also, that the teacher, an adult, will take his own decisions as to whether he needs to consult his doctor and will, if so advised by his doctor, take time off†¦[16]† (d) Safe Place of Work Since the decision of the Wilsons and Clyde Coal Co case, there is a fourth area to which the applied duty of care is attributable and this is the provision of a safe place of work. There are three key areas where the employer must exercise a reasonable standard of care. This constituted the obligation to provide an adequate reporting system.[17] More recently, this has the potential to extend to instances of long term injury such as passive smoking as it was established that employees have a right not to work in a smoky environment in Waltons and Morse v Dorrington[18] and this would constitute a step in the right direction. A question now arises as to how far this duty ought to extend. 2.Statutory Duties The Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 is the key legislative authority for the obligations of employers to their employees and its aim is twofold. 1. The provision of a general duty of care In the first place the 1974 Act sets out the general duties that are applicable to the entire employment spectrum and this standard is found in s 2(1) of the 1974 Act, which is as follows: â€Å"It shall be the duty of every employer to ensure, so far as is reasonably practicable, the health, safety and welfare of all his employees.† Further to this there are also more specific obligations laid throughout s 2 of the Act, which encompass ‘the provision and maintenance of plant and systems of work so that they are safe and without risk to health’.[19] There is also provision on, ‘the handling, storage and transport of articles and substances[20]’ as well as, ‘provision of information, instructions, training and supervision.[21]’ Finally s 2 of the 1974 Act also has provision on: â€Å"The maintenance of places of work under the employer’s control in a safe condition with safe and risk free means of access and egress.[22]† and â€Å"The provision and maintenance of a safe, risk-free working environment with adequate welfare facilities and arrangements.[23]† The crucial element of these provisions is that the standard of care stipulated is for the employer to act is, ‘as far as is reasonably practicable.’ This standard carries with it the obligation for employers to do everything reasonable that would ensure safety and the provisions go far to show that this encompasses many fields such as training, inspections and the availability of safety equipment. The emphasis of the Robens Report was therefore largely met with there being a statutory framework that requires employers to actively think about the measures they are taking. 2. Provision of a unified system of enforcement by the Health and Safety Executive and the various local authorities. The second aim of the 1974 Act is as a system of enforcement and this is largely carried out by the Health and Safety inspectorate but paradoxically, no one can, in accordance with s 47 of the 1974 Act, raise a civil action under the duties imposed by the 1974 Act. While this results in a fundamental questioning of the usefulness of the 1974 Act, it does highlight the fact that this legislation is exclusively an Act for professional enforceability. The rights of recourse for employees are therefore in accordance with the standard duties of care that are found under the law of tort.[24] More specifically, actions can be raised in relation to industrial accidents, personal injury, injuries arising out of the course of employment and some statutory obligations. However, it is the Act itself that specifics the standard of care to be adopted by employers when their employees are carrying out their employment duties. In addition, the 1974 Act creates a premise for criminal liability, which of course carries higher penalties as well as an employer’s burden of proof, as opposed to the burden of the plaintiff in civil actions. 2. Interpretation of the standard of care of the 1974 Act in case law Interpretation of the standard under case law is essentially analysis of the way in which the courts have dealt with the crucial phrase, ‘so far as is reasonably practicable.’ Case law shows that the reasonable practicability of a given situation can cover areas such as financial viability of the health and safety measure as against the risk of injury. This is similar to the balance that requires to be sought under the common law, with the equivalent 1974 Act case being that of Associated Diaries v Hartley.[25] Here an employee sustained an injury as a result of a truck going over his foot. The safety shoes would have cost him  £1 per week but decided not to use them and his argument that they should have been provided for free failed on account of the fact that they would have cost the employer  £20,000. This balance is perfectly sound but the 1974 Act is not equipped to deal with instances of stress at work on account of the fact that civil actions cannot be raised via its provisions. B. Is this position satisfactory? 1. Possible faults with the common law It is extremely disappointing that the House of Lords has rejected the concept of a duty of care for stress as there is a great deal that employers can do to relieve stress levels and, as with the balance that has been achieved between the cost of health and safety and the likelihood of injury, the equivalent would be more than approachable for stress situations. This does not bode well for other types of innovations such as The common law does however acknowledge that a duty of care also extends beyond the work place where the employee continues to act within their duties of employment. This is seen in the case of King v Smith and Another[26] where, in the event of inadequate on-site facilities, it is up to the employer to find a suitable solution. 2. Faults with the 1974 Act The current issue with the current Health and Safety legislation is that it is becoming outdated and is much in need of reform in order to cope with new kinds of dangers that were not such a going concern in 1974. This specifically refers to the ever increasing circumstances of stress related injury that would be wholly out-with the competence of the Health and Safety Inspectorate. However as a result of Barber v Somerset County Council, such an argument would not hold strength unless the legislative were to decide to override the common law doctrine and create a statutory obligation for employers against employee stress. Conclusion Both the common law and the statutory framework are equally satisfactory in terms of their ability to tackle cases of negligence where there has been physical injury caused to the employee on account of the negligence of the employer. However, the express exclusion of liability for stress, as well as the impracticability of the Health and Safety inspectorate to even attempt to assist in safeguarding against stress is a concern of great magnitude. The conclusion of Lord Foscote in the case of Barber v Somerset County Council was wrong as the question of choosing to be a teacher or a doctor is an overly romanticised image of a pic’ n mix employee’s market with readily available jobs. Further to this, it should never become an accepted condition of our society that unhealthy stress should be an integral to working life for which there can be no legal recourse. Bibliography Legislation Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 Case Law Donoghue v Stevenson [1932] AC 562 Wilsons and Clyde Coal Co v English [1938] AC 57 Hawkins v Ross Castings Ltd [1970] 1 All ER 180 Hudson v Ridge Manufacturing Co Ltd [1957] 2 QB 348 Finch v Telegraph Construction Maintenance Co Ltd [1949] 1 All ER 452 O’Reilly v National Rail [1966] 1 All ER 499 Lazarus v Firestone Tyre and Rubber Co Ltd (1963) The Times 2 May Qualcast (Wolverhampton) Ltd v Haynes [1959] AC 743 Berry v Stone Maganese Marine Ltd (1971) 12 KIR 13 Johnstone v Bloombury Area Health Authority [1991] ICR 269 Walker v Northumberland County Council [1995] IRLR 35 Ratcliffe v Dorset County Council [1978] IRLR 191. Waters v Commissioner for the Police of the Metropolis [2000] IRLR 720 Sutherland v Hatton [2002] EWCA Civ 76 Stokes v Guest, Keen Nettleford (Bolts Nuts) Ltd [1968] 1 WLR 1776 Barber v Somerset County Council [2004] UKHL 13 Franklin v Edmonton Corporation (1966) 109 SJ 876 Waltons and Morse v Dorrington [1997] IRLR 488 Associated Diaries v Hartley [1979] IRLR 171 King v Smith and Another (1994) The Times 3 November. General Cleaning Contractors v Christmas [1953] AC 180 Text Book Publications D.Brodie, â€Å"Health and Safety† (Oxford University Press, 2004) H.Collins, K.D.Ewing A.McColgan, ‘Labour Law:Text and Materials (Oxford: Hart Publishing, 2001) Smith and Woods ‘Industrial Law’ (Butterworths, 8th edn, 2003) R.W.Painter and A.Holmes, Cases and Materials on Employment Law, (Oxford University Press 5th edition, 2004) Articles D Brodie ‘Trust and Confidence and Barber v Somerset County Council: Some further Questions’ (224) 33 ILJ 261 1 Footnotes [1] Donoghue v Stevenson [1932] AC 562 [2] [1938] AC 57 [3] [1970] 1 All ER 180 [4] [1957] 2 QB 348 [5] See Finch v Telegraph Construction Maintenance Co Ltd [1949] 1 All ER 452 [6] O’Reilly v National Rail [1966] 1 All ER 499 [7] Lazarus v Firestone Tyre and Rubber Co Ltd (1963) The Times 2 May [8] See Qualcast (Wolverhampton) Ltd v Haynes [1959] AC 743 [9] See Berry v Stone Maganese Marine Ltd (1971) 12 KIR 13 [10] Johnstone v Bloombury Area Health Authority [1991] ICR 269 [11] Walker v Northumberland County Council [1995] IRLR 35 [12] See Ratcliffe v Dorset County Council [1978] IRLR 191. See also Waters v Commissioner for the Police of the Metropolis [2000] IRLR 720, which involved tormenting within the police force after the failure to take seriously an allegation of sexual assault. [13] [2002] EWCA Civ 76 [14] For an in depth analysis of this balance, see Stokes v Guest, Keen Nettleford (Bolts Nuts) Ltd [1968] 1 WLR 1776 per Swanwick J at pp 1779-1783 [15] [2004] UKHL 13. For commentary see D Brodie ‘Trust and Confidence and Barber v Somerset County Council: Some further Questions’ (224) 33 ILJ 261 [16] ibid per Lord Foscote at paragraph 14 [17] Franklin v Edmonton Corporation (1966) 109 SJ 876 [18] [1997] IRLR 488 [19] 1974 Act s 2(2)(a) [20] 1974 Act s 2(2)(b) [21] 1974 Act s 2(2)(c) [22] 1974 Act s 2(2)(d) [23] 1974 Act s 2(2)(e) [24] For the birth of the neighbour principle, see Donoghue v Stevenson [1932] AC 562. [25] [1979] IRLR 171 [26] (1994) The Times 3 November. This case followed the older case of General Cleaning Contractors v Christmas [1953] AC 180

Affirmative Action in Employing Women and Minorities :: Affirmative Action Equality Essays

Affirmative Action Thesis: Although many people believe that affirmative Action is a form of racism, it is actually used to help minorities find employment in an otherwise racist world. â€Å"In the United States, equality is a recurring theme. It has flared into a fervent moral issue at crucial stages of American history: The revolutionary and Jacksonian Period, and the New Deal. In each era, the legitimacy of American society is challenged by some set of people unhappy with the degree of equality† (Verba and Orren). Following the Civil War, Congress passed a number of laws designed to put former slaves on an equal level with white people. The Fourteenth Amendment made the freedmen citizen and prohibited states from enforcing any law which took away the privliges of any citizen, depriving men of life, liberty, or property without due process of the law, or denied men equal protection of the laws. In 1875, Republican majority in Congress, aware that reconstruction would soon e nd, passed a civil right act to secure by law semblance of equality for Black Americans (Urofsky 19). Many white Americans really did not like the idea of equality for the Black Freedmen. â€Å"Gideon Welles, who had been prevailing sentiment when he wrote in 1871: ‘Thank God slavery is abolished, but the Negro is not, and never can be the equal of the white man. He is of an inferior race and must always remain so’†(Urofsky 23). The supreme court agreed and in 1883 passed the Civil Rights act which diluted much of th! e protection of the Fourteenth Amendment. Justice Joseph Bradely interpreted the enforcement provision of the amendment as strictly remedial; â€Å"congress has the power to remedy a discriminatory state law, but could not take affirmative steps to protect blacks from other forms of prejudice† (Urofsky 21). As a result of this decision, the federal government took no action to combat racism in the country until the second world war (Urofsky 2 2). Because resentment continued to increase within the black communities and because of the threat of a march on Washington, President Franklin D. Roosevelt issued an executive order on June 25, 1941. This order directed African Americans to be accepted into job-training programs in defense plants. The order also stated that discrimination would not be excepted by employers holding defense contracts. It also set up a fair employment practice commissions to investigate charges of racial discrimination.

Jasper Jones Essay

In Craig Silveys outrageous novel Jasper Jones, the younger characters are faced with a loss of innocence. They have to find out the hard way the world is not what it’s portrayed to be. Throughout the novel the characters are dragged through violence, destruction and death and uncover the truth about mysteries and lies. Body Paragraph 1 Throughout the novel Charlie the protagonist, has lost most the innocence out of all the characters and has to learn to truth about a lot of things. Over the â€Å"hottest summer in Corrigan† Charlie is confronted about many truths including the truth behind the myth of Mad Jack Lionel and the truth behind his mother’s hurtful behaviour. However the truth that has the biggest impact on Charlie has to be the dark secret that jasper exposes Charlie to. Charlies visions of the world, his way of life are about to change forever. Charlie’s exposure to Laura’s suicide and the events leading up to it force him to confront the darkness in the world and as a result he loses his last shred of innocence. The truths Charlie comes to realise and the actions he takes are shown near the end of the novel when he says I â€Å"finally have the right words in me.† Body Paragraph 2 In the novel jasper is seen as an outcast by most of Corrigan, and is treated this way as well. Jasper has already matured to a certain point but there are still things that he hasn’t realised the truth about yet. Jasper has to overcome the truth about his mother and the truth about Mad Jack being his grandad and the truth behind Laura’s suicide. Laura’s suicide took Jaspers last bit of innocence from him he had to find out who committed this terrible crime and he wanted to bring them to justice. Jaspers mentality changes throughout the whole novel and when he finally admits Laura’s gone. Jasper decides to leave Corrigan for good and this is a sign of maturity. Body Paragraph 3 Jeffrey Is Charlies best friend and neighbour. Jeffery is Vietnamese living in the 1960s in an Australian town, and he has to grow up with adversity and  realisation of the truth that he is an outcast because of his race. Jeffery has quite a lot of maturing to do, supporting this is the extremely stupid conversations he and Charlie sometimes have. Jeffery has realised that it doesn’t matter what anyone says to him he had to believe in himself and Jeffery got his time to shine. He has come to realise the horrible truth that his family is not respected and is seen as a lower class of society and come to realise that whatever race you are dictates your â€Å" status † in the community. His mentality also changes throughout the entire novel. By the end of the novel he believes in himself and has earned his respect in the community. Body Paragraph 4 Eliza doesn’t really make an appearance in the novel until about halfway through, but by that time we are shown that Eliza is already quite matured and grown up. Eliza has to realise that her sister committed suicide to escape her violent father and Eliza come to the realise the truth about human nature that it isn’t all nice smiles and hellos people hurt other people on purpose just because they want to. Eliza shows just how grown up at the end of the novel when she sets her house on fire to try to escape from the harsh memories. Conclusion In conclusion all the characters in the novel were greatly affected by Laura’s death it lit a fuse that made the whole town explode into utter chaos and Jasper Charlie and Eliza were stuck In the middle of it. In addition all of the character had to grow up in their own way just to survive in this small outback town.

Experience Psychology, 3rd edition Essays (839 words) - Free Essays

Experience Psychology, 3rd edition Essays (839 words) - Free Essays Experience Psychology, 3rd edition Chapter 1, The Science of Psychology Key Terms Behavior: Everything we do that can be directly observed. Behavioral approach: An approach to psychology emphasizing the scientific study of observable behavioral responses and their environmental determinants. Biological approach: An approach to psychology focusing on the body, especially the brain and nervous system. Case study or case history: An in-depth look at a single individual. Control group: The participants in an experiment who are as much like the experimental group as possible and who are treated in every way like the experimental group except for a manipulated factor, the independent variable. Correlational research: Research that examines the relationships between variables, whose purpose is to examine whether and how two variables change together. Critical thinking: The process of thinking deeply and actively, asking questions, and evaluating the evidence. Demand characteristics: Any aspects of a study that communicate to the participant how the experimenter wants them to behave. Empirical method: Gaining knowledge through the observation of events, the collection of data, and logical reasoning. Evolutionary approach: An approach to psychology centered on evolutionary ideas such as adaptation, reproduction, and natural selection as the basis for explaining specific human behavior. Experiment: A carefully regulated procedure in which the researcher manipulates one or more variables that are believed to influence some other variable. Experimental group: The participants in an experiment who receive the drug or other treatment under studythat is, those who are exposed to the change that the independent variable represents. Experimenter bias: The influence of the experimenter's expectations on the outcome of research. External validity: The degree to which an experimental design actually reflects the real-world issues it is suppose to address. Functionalism: James' approach to mental processes, emphasizing the functions and purpose of the mind and behavior in the individual's adaptation to the environment. Humanistic approach: An approach to psychology emphasizing a person's positive qualities, the capacity for positive growth, and the freedom to choose any destiny. Hypothesis: A testable prediction that derives logically from a theory. Internal validity: The degree to which changes in the dependent variable are due to the manipulation of the independent variable. Longitudinal design: A special kind of systematic observation, used by correlational researchers, that involves obtaining measures of the variables of interest in multiple waves over time. Mental processes: The thoughts, feelings, and motives that people experience privately but that cannot be observed directly. Natural selection: Darwin's principle of an evolutionary process in which organisms that are best adapted to their environment will survive and produce offspring. Naturalistic observation: The observation of behavior in a real-world setting. Neuroscience: The scientific study of the structure, function, development, genetics, and biochemistry of the nervous system, emphasizing that the brain and nervous system are central to understanding behavior, thought, and emotion. Operational definition: A definition that provides an objective description of how a variable is going to be measured and observed in a particular study. Population: The entire group about which the researcher wants to draw conclusions. Psychodynamic approach: An approach to psychology emphasizing unconscious thoughts, the conflict between biological drives (such as the drive for sex) and society's demands, and early childhood family experiences. Psychology: The scientific study of behavior and mental processes. Random assignment: Researchers' assignment of participants to groups by chance, to reduce the likelihood that an experiment's results will be due to preexisting differences between groups. Random sample: A sample that gives every member of the population an equal chance of being selected. Research participant bias: In an experiment, the influence of participants' expectations, and of their thoughts on how they should behave, on their behavior. Sample: The subset of the population chosen by the investigator for study. Science: The use of systematic methods to observe the natural world, including human behavior and to draw conclusions. Sociocultural approach: An approach to psychology that examines the ways in which social and cultural environments influence behavior. Structuralism: Wundt's approach to discovering the basic elements or structures, of mental processes. Theory: A broad idea or set of closely related ideas that attempts to explain observations and to make predictions about future observations. Third variable problem: The circumstance where a variable that has not been measured accounts

Gay Marriage Essay

Gay Marriage Essay Gay Marriage Essay Gay Marriage XBCOM/275 2/23/2013 Kris Dunn Not everyone has heard of or eaten at Chick-Fil-A, a restaurant that prides itself on these healthier menu choses with servicing chicken sandwiches instead of beef, and itself strong Christian beliefs. The inventors of the chicken sandwich, Chick-Fil-A, are in hot water these days following comments made by their president, Dan Cathy, who said the company was "guilty as charged" in its stance against gay marriage. The controversy began when Cathy elaborated on his "guilty as charged" comment saying "I think we are inviting God's judgment on our nation when we shake our fist at Him and say, 'We know better than you as to what constitutes a marriage." To anyone one familiar with the family-owned chicken chain, Cathy's views should come as little surprise. All of the chain's 1,600 restaurants nationwide are closed on Sundays, the Christian Sabbath, to allow employees to "worship if they choose to," a decision that was "as much practical as spiritual" according to the company's website. In a day and age where almost four percent of Americans are shown to be gay, lesbian, bisexual or transgender, it is bad for business to say that they are wrong and being heterosexual is right. Why can’t everyone be happy no matter what that means? If they are not hurting or killing any one or forcing their beliefs on another person, let them do their thing. A new study by The Williams Institute of the UCLA School of Law asks, â€Å"How many people are lesbian, gay, bisexual, and

Intellectual Property Law in England Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Intellectual Property Law in England - Essay Example However, it is essential to note that the legal relationships between different objects, individuals, and the state are not easily justifiable. According to Ayn Rand (1966), he states, "patents are the heart and core of property rights, and once they are destroyed, the destruction of all other property rights will follow automatically, as a brief postscript.†1 Over the years, intellectual property has continuously changed to a widespread and significant form of ownership title. There is also the introduction of ‘Post Industrial Society’ identified in Naisbitts text Megatrends.2 This scenario has caused a strain on customs and laws that have been enacted to protect intellectual property since many industries are indulging into manufacturing and manipulation of the existing goods to enable use of information, which in turn liberates the production. The presence of immensely enhanced information-handling technologies combined with the huge role information is providin g in our society there is a lot of theft or piracy of information. This leads us to the issue of Patent, Copyright, and trade secrets, which have led to numerous suits in academic, and several industries. The public has, therefore shown a lot of concern over the validity of intellectual property institutions. ... Intellectual Property Law in England Intellectual Property Rights can be defined as the rights given to a person over what is usually a unique creation of their own minds. The creator is given exclusive rights to use this creation for a given period. This law encapsulates a whole range of intangible assets, which include music, Assets, artistic work, discoveries, and even factory trade secrets. The law is there to avoid infringement of these rights by other parties for personal benefit while at the same time maintaining the competitiveness of the market. Introduction of these laws has brought about many disputes in the business world. Some of the cases that are leading in the English law that deal with copyright law include Exxon Corp. v. Exxon Insurance Consultants International Ltd..4 In this case, the court ruled that a name invented or otherwise, does not incorporate a copyright and an infringement to a trademark can only occur when the infringing party actively takes part in the market segment. Another important case is Kenrick v. Lawrence 5 In this case; the courts laid out the extent for which a work is granted copyright protection and it also indicated the point where expression converts to an idea in which case the latter is not protected, but the expression is protected. There are several other laws such as Aerotel v Telco and Macrossan's Application6 and that the English uses for reference in deciding cases that are related to intellectual property. The British Statute of Anne7 was the first statute established to regulate copyright through the courts and the government instead of being governed by private parties.

Gay Marriage Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Gay Marriage - Research Paper Example As the essay stresses everybody is equal in the eyes of God and in the eyes of law; it is man who has created discrimination. The opponents of same sex marriages use their personal interpretation of the Bible to condemn homosexuality. Homosexuality is not something you adopt, it is biological. If God was against homosexuality than why did He create such people? Same sex marriage is a right; just as heterosexual couples have the right to celebrate their union so do gay and lesbian people. People opposed interracial marriages too in the beginning but now interracial marriages are frequent. Man is becoming progressive and the institution of marriage is being revisited; it is no longer a union between a man and a woman it is about two people who love each other and want to spend their lives with each other. As the paper states legalizing same sex marriages and giving them support by extending marriage benefits and laws does not harm straight marriages nor does it encroach upon their rights so why this vehement opposition to a bond between two same sex people who love each other. Same sex marriage does not threaten the institution of marriage; if the real definition of marriage is the union between a man and a woman to procreate than why several heterosexual couples are choosing careers ahead of having children. Same sex marriage is a lie; a deception man has coined to satisfy his/her gratifications.

Cellular Biology Article Discussion-Gene Sharing Yields an Enzyme with

Cellular Biology Discussion-Gene Sharing Yields an Enzyme with Two Binding Sites in One Subunit - Article Example It is well recognized that mitochondria have an important role to play in the development of reperfusion injury. Against this backdrop, the paper titled, â€Å"Mitochondrial Death Channels† by Webster, K.A., addresses the actual mechanism of mitochondrial action of promoting reperfusion injury. The important and individual roles played by two mitochondrial death channels, the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) and the mitochondrial apoptosis channel (mAC) in the promotion of infarction are described. It explains in detail, how, during a heart attack, mPTP, under the regulation of calcium and oxidative stress, causes necrotic death while both mPTP and mAC channels are involved in apoptosis. Apoptosis or programmed cell death is an intrinsic cellular process, just as mitosis is. Cell suicides are resorted to in the course of development for example, resorption of the tadpole tail during metamorphosis into a frog, or to destroy cells that represent a threat to the integrity of the organism, or when signals needed for continued survival are lacking. Apoptosis is different from necrosis in that it affects individual cells whereas necrosis affects groups of contiguous cells. Cardiovascular diseases which are the leading cause of death in all developed countries are characterized by the loss of cardiomyocytes due to cell death. Earlier, cell death in myocardial infarction was believed to be caused solely by necrosis. However, recent studies have shown the involvement of apoptosis, too, in the process of myocardial tissue damage subsequent to heart attack (Krijnen et al., 2002). Besides, apoptosis in cardiomyocytes is mediated by mitochondria through the two mitochondrial dea th channels namely, mPTP and mAC as shown in the current paper. Mitochondria are known to be important mediators of cardiac injury during ischemia and

Contemporary society Essay Example for Free

Contemporary society Essay Perhaps the most poignant criticism of the societies in these two novels is the violation of the principals and mores of modern society. In The Wars, death and injury becomes common place, and stopping to help a fellow soldier is not always permitted. That was the rule. No one went back- even for a dying comrade. Only someone wounded could stay with another wounded man No one spoke. The dead all lay with their faces in the mud or turned to the walls of the trench. This was the only way they could be told apart from the wounded. (Findley 118) More difficult to accept that this apathetic view of death is the enthusiasm that some of the soldiers in The Wars felt for the war and the destruction it caused. After being rained on with shells, having a close brush with death, a bright young man with popping eyes turned to Robert and gushed at him: Isnt it marvellous! Privacy is nearly impossible for ordinary soldiers. While on the boat, going to England the men were cramped into spaces meant to hold a quarter of their number The make shift latrines and showers were virtually open forums where privacy was unheard of Up in the first class accommodations, the officers were somewhat better off. (Findley 56-7) This also shows another disadvantage soldiers face that their superiors do not. Sexual abuse is seemingly common and goes unpunished in the novel. Four men rape Robert while his is in a changing stall at Asile Desolà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½. His assailants, who hed thought were crazies, had been his fellow soldiers. Maybe even his brother officers. Hed never know. (Findley 169) Many aspects of the society in The Handmaids Tale also contrast modern societal values. Dead bodies are put on display for all to see. When on their daily walk Offred and Ofglen, stop, together as if on signal, and stand and look at the bodies. It doesnt matter if we look. Were supposed to look: this is what they are there for, hanging on the Wall. Sometimes theyll be there for days, until theres a new batch, so as many people as possible will have the chance to see them. (Atwood 40) Death does not have much shock value to individuals in the Gileadean society, as they have been exposed to it frequently. The Handmaids take part in the execution of a man who has performed crimes against society. There is a surge forward, like a crowd at a rock concert in the former time Now there are sounds, gasps, a low noise like growling, yells hes obscured by arms, fist, feet. A high scream comes from somewhere, like a horse in terror. (Atwood 349) These women, who are not violent in every day life, are so desensitized to death that they are able to vent their anger through murder. Rape is common with the Gileadean society, although it is not recognized as such. Handmaids are required to copulate with their Commander, if the choose not to, they will be sent to the Colonies. With citizens being desensitized to death, enjoying killing and destruction, and the acceptance of sexual exploitation, the societies in The Wars and The Handmaids Tale transgress the morals of contemporary society. The Wars and The Handmaids Tale take place over dissimilar time spans, there are many societal parallels that are criticized in both novels. Soldiers are exploited by their superiors in The Wars, just as the unprivileged citizens in The Handmaids Tale are used solely to benefit the government. Ignorance to the true motivations and actions of the government are evident in both novels. Social mores and values of present-day society are infracted in both The Wars and The Handmaids Tale. Regardless of occurring over different time periods, there are several analogous aspects in the two societies represented in The Wars and The Handmaids Tale, which are criticized.

Desconstruction of the Moderinistic Myth in Quinns Ishmael :: Quinn Ishmael Essays

Desconstruction of the Moderinistic Myth in Ishmael When I read Daniel Quinn’s works, Ishmael, Providence, The Story of B, and My Ishmael, I find a common theme woven throughout which is to desconstruct the moderinistic myth that we are apart from nature and therefore not subject to natural law. I don’t find Quinn’s ideas to be much different from what I read into David Orr’s Earth in Mind or David Ehrenfeld’s books Beginning Again and The Arrogance of Humanism. I doubt that Quinn, as a writer, thinks for one minute that we are no different from other species who inhabit Earth. Language separates us, and writers probably know that better than the rest of us. Maybe I shouldn’t have grabbed his quotes out of context. Or maybe you had some other reason to be so quick to criticize Quinn. If the use of the word â€Å"stewardship† really â€Å"instills a healthy dose of love and responsibility for the natural world,† as you suggest it does, I don’t believe Quinn or Ehrenfeld or Orr would have many problems with our using it as platform for discussion to move forward. But I suspect that all three writers are fearful that most of us don’t differentiate between â€Å"stewardship† and â€Å"dominion,† also that our â€Å"stewardship† will likely not be practiced with enough humility--e.g. use of â€Å"precautionary principles,† recognition of how little we really know--to make it a useful starting point. If we stay with "stewardship" it will be up to us to prove them wrong. Assuming, of course, that they would agree with what I’ve alleged on their behalf. Does this mean we ought to throw away science or management, or even abandon the word â€Å"stewardship?† No, at least "no" with regard to science and management. I still wonder about our choice to use the word â€Å"stewardship.† Mostly I’m OK with it, but only if we take time to work through the baggage it carries. Mainly, though, we need to challenge theories, assumptions, and try to make sure they are grounded. â€Å"Grounding† theory and practice in pluralistic reality is what my favorite postmodern writers seem to be challenging us to do. But herein hides a problem. My problem. Perhaps the writers I am referring to – Anderson, Borgmann (Crossing the Postmodern Divide), Ehrenfeld, Merchant (The Death of Nature, Ecology: Key Concepts in Critical Theory), Orr, Quinn and others – don’t fit the label â€Å"postmodern deconstructionists. Desconstruction of the Moderinistic Myth in Quinn's Ishmael :: Quinn Ishmael Essays Desconstruction of the Moderinistic Myth in Ishmael When I read Daniel Quinn’s works, Ishmael, Providence, The Story of B, and My Ishmael, I find a common theme woven throughout which is to desconstruct the moderinistic myth that we are apart from nature and therefore not subject to natural law. I don’t find Quinn’s ideas to be much different from what I read into David Orr’s Earth in Mind or David Ehrenfeld’s books Beginning Again and The Arrogance of Humanism. I doubt that Quinn, as a writer, thinks for one minute that we are no different from other species who inhabit Earth. Language separates us, and writers probably know that better than the rest of us. Maybe I shouldn’t have grabbed his quotes out of context. Or maybe you had some other reason to be so quick to criticize Quinn. If the use of the word â€Å"stewardship† really â€Å"instills a healthy dose of love and responsibility for the natural world,† as you suggest it does, I don’t believe Quinn or Ehrenfeld or Orr would have many problems with our using it as platform for discussion to move forward. But I suspect that all three writers are fearful that most of us don’t differentiate between â€Å"stewardship† and â€Å"dominion,† also that our â€Å"stewardship† will likely not be practiced with enough humility--e.g. use of â€Å"precautionary principles,† recognition of how little we really know--to make it a useful starting point. If we stay with "stewardship" it will be up to us to prove them wrong. Assuming, of course, that they would agree with what I’ve alleged on their behalf. Does this mean we ought to throw away science or management, or even abandon the word â€Å"stewardship?† No, at least "no" with regard to science and management. I still wonder about our choice to use the word â€Å"stewardship.† Mostly I’m OK with it, but only if we take time to work through the baggage it carries. Mainly, though, we need to challenge theories, assumptions, and try to make sure they are grounded. â€Å"Grounding† theory and practice in pluralistic reality is what my favorite postmodern writers seem to be challenging us to do. But herein hides a problem. My problem. Perhaps the writers I am referring to – Anderson, Borgmann (Crossing the Postmodern Divide), Ehrenfeld, Merchant (The Death of Nature, Ecology: Key Concepts in Critical Theory), Orr, Quinn and others – don’t fit the label â€Å"postmodern deconstructionists.

How do the poets represent the importance of roots in their poetry? E

How do the poets represent the importance of 'roots' in their poetry? Consider how the social and cultural identity of the poets is paramount to the development of the main themes. Other Cultures ============== How do the poets represent the importance of 'roots' in their poetry? Consider how the social and cultural identity of the poets is paramount to the development of the main themes. The four poems that I will be comparing all describe how the poets feel about their roots, background and cultural heritage. Although they are all based on the same issue, they have many different features that are quite different. John Agard is the author of 'Half-Caste'. He was born in Guyana and then moved to Britain in 1977. In 'Half-Caste' the poet is feeling discriminated and he wants to put across that he is one person and by calling him half-caste, they are taking away half of his identity. The author of 'Search For My Tongue' is Sujata Bhatt. She was born in India in 1956 and then moved to the USA in the 1960s. She now lives in Germany. In 'Search For My Tongue' the poet can speak two different languages, her original language and her second language, English. She is saying that her original language is being forgotten, but then discovers that it is returning and progressing. 'Nothing's Changed' was written in South Africa in 1997 by Tatamkhulu Afrika. The poem is autobiographical and was written after apartheid had been abolished in 1994. In 'Nothing's Changed' the poet is saying that even though apartheid had been abolished, he still feels that racism is still around him and he feels that nothing has changed. Moniza Alvi wrote 'Presents From My Aunts In Pakistan'. She was born in Pakistan in ... ...ates this she also wants to be able to feel the same way about her new home in Britain. Even though she says she is, 'of no fixed nationality', the poet still knows in her heart that she wants to celebrate and be proud of her roots in Pakistan. From reading and understanding the four poems, I have learnt that people from ethnic backgrounds can face terrible hardship and that even after large amounts of discrimination drilled into their heads, they still feel proud of their roots and identity. However I have also learnt that by having their roots discriminated against, losing their roots or even not knowing what exactly their roots are, can deeply sadden the people and make them irritated. People react differently to these and we should acknowledge that to make people in situations like those in the poems to feel happier and at ease with themselves.

Discuss Both the Negative and Positive

Slavery ended in 1838. One of the biggest negatives of such a system was racism which was found in every Caribbean society. British officials believed that people of Africans descent were inferior and what was worse perhaps these racist attitudes were after internalized by Black and Brown people that is some Africans themselves became convinced that they were inferior to Europeans. With Emancipation in 1838 slaves became free to choose the nature of their future existence. A fundamental development during the post- emancipation period was the exodus of ex slaves from the estates mostly to set themselves up as peasant proprietors.The movement created a labor shortage which threatened the imminent collapse of the sugar industry. To avoid ruin, planters sought to introduce immigrant labour from Europe. , Africa and Asian and to effect certain technical improvements to reduce the cost of production. There were two groups that came to the Caribbean from the 1930’s onwards who did n ot have much difficulty into the existing society . They were the free African immigrants and Portuguese from Madeira. By far the largest group of new arrivals , however were the Indians.Like the Portuguese they came as indentured workers to work in the sugar plantations. They soon became part of the populations of Trinidad, Guyana, Jamaica, Grenada and St. Vincent. Because of their large numbers, bringing with them religions, languages and cultural practices quite different from any found in the Caribbean , they enriched but greatly complicated the society. They were neither black or white , they were not Christians and they had their own ancient culture Two other much smaller groups of immigrants were the Chinese and the Syrian/ Lebanese. Like the Indians they brought their own language and culture.The first group of Indian immigrants arrived in Guyana in May 1838 on board the ships Whitby and Hesperus. They were distributed among six(6) sugar estates to labour under contract for five (5) years and though their treatment were satisfactory on three (3) of the estates on the others there was ill treatment , sickness and morality. The suspicions of the anti – slavery society were immediately aroused and it secured appointment of a local Commission to investigate immigrant conditions. The enquiry led to the suspension of immigration from India for an indefinite period.Regular Indian immigration was reopened in 1844 and in the following year two (2) shiploads reached Guyana , one shipload each went to Trinidad and Jamaica. The performance of these labourers exceeded expectations and in 1846 Jamaica requested an additional five thousand ( 5000), Trinidad four hundred (400) and Guyana ten thousand ( 10000). Indian immigration to the West Indies ceased in 1917 and until that time a total of 429,623 immigrant had entered . Many of the Indians who remained in the West Indies continued to reside on and to work for the estates.A much smaller number worked as peas ant proprietors , some cultivated their lands in sugar cane, rice, ground provisions and fruits. These Indians were able to achieve a greater economic standing and social mobility then those who remained in the estates. By definition immigrant labor was not slavery because it was entered into voluntarily. The contract gave rights to the immigrant who was paid for his labour . There was a fixed limit to the period of indentured and when it was over the immigrant was free. However, in practice immigrant labor schemes were slavery under a different name.Although the emmigrants from India entered into the contract voluntarily, they were often deceived about the conditions they were agreeing to. In the West Indian colonies , conditions similar to those in the days of slavery still existed . They were confined to their estates. Free Indians found it advisable to carry ‘ certificates of exemption from labor’ which allowed them free movement. Indentured laborers could be fired if found off their estates. Immigrant laborers were deprived of women. The root of the problem lay in India, where women were not emancipated because of the religious and social systems.The proportion of Indian women imported was only 3 per 100 men before the mid 1840’s 32 per 100 by 1870 and a legal minimum of 40 per 100 thereafter. Up to 1870 immigrants had to had been denied the chance to lead normal family lives. In cases where Indian immigrants were married their wives were sometimes taken away to be the mistress of the plantation owners as in the days of slavery. Immigrants were also subject to arbitrary treatment by their employers . This sometimes involved flogging and imprisonment and the immigrant dared not complain.From 1906 to 1907 nearly 40 % of the immigrant laborers in Guyana received summons for breach of the labor laws. Between 1838 and the 1930’s wealth was mainly in the hands of very small groups in society . Nearly all of it belonged to the white up per class though by the 1930’s a significant number of colored or black or Indian businessmen and farmers had acquired money and property. As planters and businessmen whites continued to be the major group of employers in the Caribbean. The worst white employers treated their workers with contempt but the better ones showed concern for their laborers’ welfare.For ordinary people life was always a hard struggle. Between 1838 till 1920’s the majority of the people worked for the plantations. Either as full time workers or as casual , irregular laborers during the harvest time and other busy periods. Wages for plantation workers were very low . Things had not changed much till the 1920’s. To escape low wages and seasonal employment on the estates as well as poverty on small peasant plots, thousands of West Indians left the countryside and drifted into the towns . Another way of escaping poverty and unemployment was to emigrate.Between 1839-1921 and even late r thousands of West Indians left their colony , perhaps to leave the Caribbean altogether in order to find work. This was because emigration was the only alternative to get away from poverty and not because they wanted to leave their home. In Trinidad the Indian sugar workers who lived mostly in the central and south parts of the island were in an especially desperate condition by the 1838 till the 1930’s. Most of the West Indians lacked an adequate diet. Although actual starvation was rare the diet was unbalanced.Malnutrition affected babies and children especially . Working mothers had little chance to breast feed after the first few weeks. In turn this caused a very high rate of infant and child death. Around 1889 nearly one half of all babies in Grenada died before their first birthday . Epidemics swept the region from time to time. Thousands died of cholera between 1850-1854. To make matter worse medical care was not available to most ordinary people in this period. In G uyana out of 7324 deaths in 1871, 3378 took place without the dying person getting any medical care at all.In Jamaica by 1898 there was only one doctor from every 19,400 Jamaicans. The woman of the peasant and laboring classes was a sturdy independent person. She worked long hours in the fields. The women both black and Indian , who worked on the estates earned their own wages and could support themselves and their children if necessary. Despite poverty and the struggle to survive and bringing up children the strength and self reliance of the women were important aspects of family and social life. Going to school was part of normal life for most children from 1838.But a very large number did not go to school at all. In Guyana and Trinidad Indian children presented special problems . Far fewer of them attended school compared with Black children. Since Indians formed the main part of the sugar industry’s labour force in these colonies both planters and colonial governments wer e reluctant to spend money on educating their children. Even when in Trinidad after 1851 government ran school with no church control or influence were set up Indian parents were still afraid that their children would be badly treated .There were also problems of language and cultural differences. As late as 1911, 97% of the Indian born children were illiterate. The Immigration of Portuguese, Chinese and East Indians to the West Indies introduced new elements of race and class into a society traditionally composed of people of European and African origin dependent for their social position on a combination of colour, wealth and education . The new immigrant groups were neither white nor black except possibly for the Portuguese and they held a balance between the two.One of the most important legacies of slavery was a three tier social structure. Society in 1839 was divided into three major classes . These were in descending order of power and status , the white – the upper cl ass, the colored black – middle class and the black masses – the former slaves. One of the most important variations in social structure in some colonies was the addition of a fourth group. In Trinidad and Guyana so many Indians settled that they came to form a large section of the population separated from the other three groups by culture , religion , race and legal restrictions.After 1838 there was a gradual increase in the size of the middle group as people from the Creole masses moved into it. This process is known as social mobility. There were two main ways in which Blacks at the bottom of the society could move up . The first , through economic success either as an independent farmer or by practicing a skill eg. Carpantry, masonry or tailoring. The second , through education. The Overall Impact of Emancipation -Immigration undoubtedly helped to perpetuate the efficient use of labor.Nevertheless in the first two or three decades immigration halted the economic d ecline of the colonies and brought them substantial prosperity. -The importation of immigrants stimulated the expansion of social services , especially medical facilities which were applied first to the immigrants and then extended to the population at large. -The increase in population led to the development of a larger and more efficient police force. -Immigration swelled the ranks of shopkeepers and hucksters while many more engaged in peasant farming on land acquired by grant or purchase.In order to avoid repatriation and immigration expenses , planters and laborers made grants of land to the Indians in commutation of return passages. Indians in Guyana received free land grants of 32000 acres (1891-1912 ) ,Trinidad received 23,000 acres(1885-1895) and 31,766 acres (1902-1912) -The employment of immigrants in manual field labor opened up in a wider range of employment for resident Blacks as artisans , factory workers and policemen. -The growth of the rice industry in Guyana and T rinidad were due to the Indians. To the Indians can also be attributed the introduction of age old traditional Indian skill in irrigation into the West Indies, both in rice production and sugar industries. – The vast majority of East Indian immigrants were tied to plantation agriculture and continued to experience the low standard of living and destitution common to the West Indian working class generally. Nevertheless through industry and thrift some were able to acquire wealth which was used to educate their children in the professions of medicine, law, teaching and to become community leaders. The entry of the various immigrant groups into the West Indies led to the emergence of a plural society where the races mixed but did not combine. Friction , both latent and ,manifest existed among the different occupation groups. Example in February 1856, the notorious ‘ Angel Gabriel’ riots formed by the apocalyptic negro preacher James Orr, resulted in the widespread destruction of Portuguese shops in Guyana by negroes suffering from a sense of oppression and competition from the Portuguese businessmen.Among the field worker also some hostility did develop since immigration had a tendency to lower wages. By and large, the governing class failed to develop measures to effect a harmonius integration of the races. Like the Negro – creole population , the immigrants who remained in the West Indies after their indentureship , realized the value of wealth and education to give them a higher status and they sought to achieve these attributes whenever possible . In terms of wealth, the Portuguese and the Chinese were more successful they set themselves up as etty shopkeepers as soon as their indenture ended . Whenever their means allowed, the Chinese , Portuguese and East Indians secured higher education for their children. The negro population sought employment mainly in teaching and in the public service. By moving to the Caribbean , Indians on average increased their living standards considerably. Indian women living overseas did have fewer children than in India, but the death rate in the Caribbean except during the early years of immigration was also considerably low , resulting in a demographic growth rate higher than in India itself.Suicide , martial violence and return migration decreased overtime , while Indian ownership of land , savings and even physical stature increased . In reality the attraction of the earning potential of the Caribbean can be deduced from the massive influx of Asian migrants . They could have opted to go to other destinations. The Indian immigrants succeeded in transferring their two main religions, Hinduism and Islam ,to their new homes . By the 1850’s temples and mosques were being built in Trinidad and Guyana were people regularly prayed.The Hindu pundits and Moslem imams became very influential leaders of the Indian population in these countries, for religion was their main source of pride and unity, As a result Indian in these two territories showed great resistance to the Christian churches’ to convert them. the Canadian Presbyterians had the most success ,but most Indians held on to their faiths. Some did convert, partly to gain jobs or higher social status. The religious world of the Caribbean, already complex, was enriched by the faiths brought by the immigrants from Asia.