ASDA

Undertaking 1Investigate the Planning and Range of Tools and Techniques involved in developing a Market Strategy. Using selling rules, theories and constructs critically evaluate a scope of tools and techniques used by a retail shop of your pick. You should get down with general rating of their selling scheme and so see each of the followers: An appraisal of the importance and the usage of information in their selling scheme. An analysis of how the planetary context has been incorporated into their selling scheme. A contemplation on how the retail shop has embraced e-business schemes in their selling.IntroductionThe Planning and Range of Tools with Techniques are involved in developing a Market Strategy. Using selling rules, theories and constructs critically I am about to measure a scope of tools and techniques used by a ASDA. The general rating of their selling scheme is to be found sing each of the followers: the importance and the usage of information in their selling scheme. an analysis of how the planetary context has been incorporated into their selling scheme. a contemplation on how ASDA has embraced e-business schemes in their selling.Company ProfileASDA was started with the vision of the establishing male parents to do it a one halt store for all the demands of the consumers. The company is one of the well known supermarket ironss located in the UK. It has on offer nutrient, vesture every bit good as general ware points for its consumers. In 1999 the company came together with Wal-Mart. The history of the company goes back in clip to the 1920s. At that clip the Asquith household owned a meatmans store at Knottingely in West Yorkshire. The two brothers in the household, Fred and Peter took over the concern and were besides the laminitiss of ASDA. At the same clip another company with the name of Craven Dairies ltd was formed with the aid of a group of West Riding Dairy Farmers. In 1949 the companies merged to set up the Associated Dairies & A ; Farm Stores Ltd. It was merely in 1965 that the company got its present name when Associated Diaries came together with Asquith. As per records of 2007 the company has a portion of 16.8 % in the food market market of UK. The format of the ASDA shops is simple with green and white colourss. After it became one of the subordinates of Wal-Mart there were many ace centres opened by both the companies jointly. At present there are a sum of 21 such supermarkets in UK entirely. In 2003 the company brought into the market â€Å" ASDA life † which was the first general shop of the company. It sold a scope of merchandises including vesture, toys, place electronics, wellness merchandises, homewares, every bit good as beauty merchandises. The company has joined custodies with the Compass group that has java stores in a few of the shops of the company. In 2006 ASDA introduced ASDA Necessities that stocked the merchandises of the company. This served to vie with the other price reduction supermarkets in the part. However the shop was closed down in 2007. The company besides has its online shop that started in 1998. It sells points in a figure of classs including travel, amusement, furniture, electrical, gifts, nomadic phones, and flowers. The company besides sells its ain trade name of dressing known as George. In 2007 the company launched ASDA electrical that focused on electrical merchandises. This is to vie with Tesco Direct of Tesco. ASDA has been reported to be one of the best known companies to work for. There is a price reduction of 10 % on all the goods that are purchased by the staff from the company. Besides in December there is a dual price reduction twenty-four hours wherein the staff members are allowed a price reduction of 20 % on their purchases. The company strives to do shopping at the shops an gratifying experience for the clients. The company has many disablement every bit good as family-friendly services that are available at all the shops that guarantee that the company is able to provide to the different demands of the clients.Facts:* ASDA employs about 160,000 employees. * At the present ranks second among the retail ironss in the state. * The company has 365 shops across the Earth.Strategic And Operational PlansASDA prepared a new strategic program that was endorsed by the so Minister for Sport and Tourism ( The Hon Jackie Kelly MP ) in September 2001. The 2001-2005 Strategic Plan prescribes ASDA ‘s: * future way ( vision ) ; * runing environment ( mission ) ; * strategic discovery issues ( ends ) ; * schemes ( aims ) ; * values ( runing ethos ) ; and * cardinal public presentation indexs ( steps ) .ReappraisalSelling PlanTo supply goods/services that are inexpensive and low-cost to consumers or the populace. cut downing the cost aims of their items/products recycling their waste boxing their merchandises good back uping voluntary services ASDA leads the manner in giving UK clients the merchandises they want at the lowest monetary values and continue to widen the monetary value spread between our rivals. We have ever been committed to maintaining monetary values low, something our clients value and acknowledge.SWOT AnalysisASDA is the 2nd largest food market retail in UK where as Wal-Mart is the largest in the United States, with an estimated 20 % of the retail food market and consumables concern, every bit good as the largest plaything marketer in the U.S. It besides owns and operates the North American Company of Sam ‘s Club. Wal-Mart operates in Mexico as Walmex, in the UK as ASDA, and in Japan as Seiyu. It has wholly-owned operations in Argentina, Brazil, Canada, Puerto Rico, and the UK. Wal-Mart ‘s investings outside North America have had mixed consequences: its operations in South America and China are extremely successful, while it was forced to draw out of Germany when its venture there was unsuccessful. Wal-Mart has been criticized by some community groups, adult females ‘s rights groups, grassroots organisations, and labour brotherhoods, specifically for its extended foreign merchandise sourcing, low rates of employee wellness insurance registration, opposition to brotherhood representation, and alleged sexism.Strengths.A house ‘s strengths are its resources and capablenesss that can be used as a footing for developing a competitory advantage. 1. Wal-Mart is a powerful retail trade name. It has a repute for value for money, convenience and a broad scope of merchandises all in one shop. 2. Wal-Mart has grown well over recent old ages, and has experienced planetary enlargement ( for illustration its purchase of the United Kingdom based retail merchant ASDA ) 3. The company has a nucleus competency affecting its usage of information engineering to back up its international logistics system. For illustration, it can see how single merchandises are executing country-wide, store-by-store at a glimpse. IT besides supports Wal-Mart ‘s efficient procurance. 4. A focussed scheme is in topographic point for human resource direction and development. Peoples are cardinal to Wal-Mart ‘s concern and it invests clip and money in developing people, and retaining a developing them.Failings.The absence of certain strengths may be viewed as a failing. 1. Wal-Mart is the World ‘s largest food market retail merchant and control of its imperium, despite its IT advantages, could go forth it weak in some countries due to the immense span of control. 2. Since Wal-Mart sell merchandises across many sectors ( such as vesture, nutrient, or stationary ) , it may non hold the flexibleness of some of its more focussed rivals. 3. The company is planetary, but has has a presence in comparatively few states Worldwide. 4. In some instances, a failing may be the impudent side of a strength. Take the instance in which a house has a big sum of fabrication capacity. While this capacity may be considered a strength that rivals do non portion, it besides may be a considered a failing if the big investing in fabricating capacity prevents the house from responding rapidly to alterations in the strategic environment.Opportunities.The external environmental analysis may uncover certain new chances for net income and growing. To take over, merge with, or organize strategic confederations with other planetary retail merchants, concentrating on specific markets such as Europe or the Greater China Region. 1. The shops are presently merely trade in a comparatively little figure of states. Therefore there are enormous chances for future concern in spread outing consumer markets, such as China and India. 2. New locations and shop types offer Wal-Mart chances to work market development. They diversified from big ace Centres, to local and mall-based sites. 3. Opportunities exist for Wal-Mart to go on with its current scheme of big, ace Centres.Menaces.Changes in the external environmental besides may show menaces to the house. 1. Bing figure one means that you are the mark of competition, locally and globally. 2. Bing a planetary retail merchant means that you are exposed to political jobs in the states that you operate in. 3. The cost of bring forthing many consumer merchandises tends to hold fallen because of lower fabrication costs. Manufacturing cost have fallen due to outsourcing to low-priced parts of the World. This has lead to monetary value competition, ensuing in monetary value deflation in some scopes. Intense monetary value competition is a menace.2.7 DecisionsThe concern sector in which ASDA works is extremely competitory. Supermarkets need to maintain clients loyal. ASDA keeps them loyal by holding a good consequence in the topographic points in which it works.2.8 RecommendationsThis subdivision outlines future actions. The Recommendations should:  § Be action orientated, and executable  § Relate logically to the Decisions ( i.e Conclusion 4.1 should take to Recommendation 5.1 )  § Be arranged in order of importance  § Be compendious2.9 Mentionswww.your.asda.com2.10 AppendixsAppendixs contain information that is excessively complex to include in the study. You need to direct readers to this information, as in â€Å"Appendix A provides an overview of the bing company hierarchy† .

How Effective Are Celebrity Endorsements

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A better understanding to the aspects of celebrity endorsement is imperative in analyzing its worthine ss; it starts with the nature of the endorser and with a main question of â€Å"who is a celebrity endorser? † A celebrity endorser is defined as â€Å"an individual who enjoys public recognition and who uses this recognition on behalf of a consumer good by appearing with it in an advertisement† (2).It is not the just the TV or movie stars, it encompasses people from the world of sports, politics and business among other fields. The role also varies from endorsing a product in an explicit mode as in â€Å"I endorse†, implicit mode as in â€Å"I use†, imperative mode as in â€Å"we should use† ,co-present mode in which a celebrity appears with the product and the cases where the endorser is an expert in the range of the product manufacturing or usage. No matter what role the celebrity takes â€Å"to persuade the target audience and push them towards purchase†(3) is the key factor in the success of the campaign.Various psychological researches produced two main models that endorsers fall into the credibility model (4) and the source attractiveness model (4). The Credibility model ties the success of the endorser by how trustworthy and how much knowledge and expertise he portrays to the viewer while the source attractiveness model relates the success of an endorser by his or her physical appearance behavior and how much can the viewer relate to him or her. Few variations to the two main models exist however one role stays consistent with any model we explore and that is the persuasive role that the celebrity has to play.In addition to the different models a celebrity endorser might fit into a cultural categorization applies when identifying endorsers as well. Observing various different endorsements ads it becomes evident that certain celebrities represents certain classes in society and are meant to target that class. Celebrities targeting upper class audience are different than the ones targeting middle class and lower class, while celebrities targeting one gender or one age group are different than the other. The same differentiation applies to lifestyles, demographics and behaviors if the targeted market.It becomes evident that choosing a successful endorser requires careful attention to be paid to the target audience and to the endorser to ensure compatibility. This compatibility becomes the base of a successful endorsement campaign. Consumers have become aware and accustomed to a marketers approach, they understand the intentions of a marketer and subconsciously raise a wall to block his attempt at reaching them, and it’s a natural defense mechanism that a person uses when feeling pressured to purchase or associates the attempts of a marketer to pervious experiences.And while the average consumer is learning to block marketers, fascination with movie stars and celebrities has always increased and reached all time highs with the introduction of reality TV. Now potential consumers are int erested and have access to every minor detail in a celebrity’s life for the most part, this fascination opens the door to a different relationship that is built between a consumer and a celebrity. A celebrity is no longer just an idol but they become an everyday advisor in the sense of fashion, lifestyle and even relationships.This bond that is created between the viewer and a celebrity helps understand the effectiveness that endorsements have where marketers have failed. The celebrity builds character in the eyes of the public and that character carries on into the product he is endorsing, and even though a part of the persuasion has to exist in the product itself, but a celebrity uses his status and the character he has built to gain credibility and likeability among the target audience.This character the celebrity transfers to the product is known as the â€Å"meaning â€Å"(2). The transfer of the meaning to the product goes through three stages. The first stage is in f inding the celebrity with the desired meaning that they want to carry to the product this requires casting from the wide world of celebrity endorsers. The second stage is choosing which celebrity embodies the meaning the marketing campaign requires for the product, this stage is subject to expense restraints and availability.After deciding on an endorser stage three is the most complicated stage as in this step the endorser has to be able to transfer that meaning into the product, they have to make this meaning â€Å"available to the consumer in a material form†(2), this stage allows the consumer to accept the meaning they are given and accept the product and you use is a tool to build their own character. These three steps not only transfer the character of the endorser to the consumer but form a bond with them and the satisfaction from the product will add value to future endorsements.All these added values become part of the character of each endorser and that becomes the determinant in his or her success. The consumer is influenced by the character the endorser transfers into the product in two distinct methods, identification and internalization. Identification is defined as the attempt of a consumer â€Å"to believe the meaning or image portrayed by a celebrity endorser† (6), while internalization is defined as the acceptance of a consumer of an idea that conforms to â€Å"his or her values or belief systems† (6) when introduced by an expert.Differentiating between those two methods would determine further the method of pairing the right product with the right endorser. An expert endorsing a product that requires higher consumer involvement or that is considered highly valued or technological seem to have better success then a celebrity endorsing the same product. This result is due to the fact that products requiring higher involvement by the consumer to use or products with higher value require a higher level of understanding for t he product explaining why internalization is more effective.In return a celebrity endorsing a product requiring less consumer involvement or a product that is presented by the image it portray would have a higher success than an expert endorsing the same product. This is explained by understanding the nature of appeal of these products, with a high emphasis put on image and emotional association which is highlighted by the likeness to the celebrity endorsing. All consumers purchasing a product understand that with their purchase a certain level of risk is involved and only when the return they expect themselves earning is higher than the perceived risk will they commit to a purchase.Various studies were performed (6) to understand the nature of nature of perceived risk by the consumer and the effect of the endorser on it. The results are important to analyze, as understanding how to lower the perceived risk will serve towards more successful product sales. Studies(6) indicated that an expert endorser of a higher technological product (a computer served as the product for the study) succeeded in reducing the perceived risk by the consumer, while celebrity endorser reduced the perceived risk by consumers towards a low technological, peripherally processed product (clothing served as the product for the study.Even though there are other risks that remain beyond the effect of the endorser such as financial risk however choosing the right endorser has a direct effect on the result of the marketing campaign and impacts part of perceived risk by the consumer towards the product. These studies draw a wider picture of how not only should we evaluate the endorser by the consumer’s attitude towards them but also by their effect on reducing the risk related to a product that a consumer considers in its evaluation.Now that the selection process of an endorser and the guidelines followed in order to insure their effectiveness is explained we turn our attention to how we evaluate their effectiveness on two main goals of a marketing campaign, brand recognition and sales. Brand recognition and branding has evolved from traditionally being viewed as a marketing function to being viewed as â€Å"heart of the business activity† (7).It became an essential asset that has to be managed and its performance evaluated in terms of marketing efficiency and asset valuation. To create value in branding a company has to create a unique and strong brand association among consumers. The consumer’s role in creating a strong brand is essential since the higher the awareness between consumers to the product the more valued a brand becomes thus resulting in equity brand measured by consumer perception rather than quantitative figures.The stronger the relationship a consumer has with a brand the stronger a brand is and this concept of brand-consumer relationship is explained by examining how a consumer achieves self consistency by purchasing products the y perceive as a reflection of themselves this is defined as the â€Å"image congruence hypothesis† (7) in which consumers compare their perceptions about product to their own values and choose the one closest. 1. Ted Sherman, â€Å"History Of Celebrity Endorsement† (July 2010) 2. Grant McCracken, â€Å"Who is the Celebrity Endorser?Cultural Foundations of the Endorsement Process† Journal of consumer research , (December 1989) 3. Colleen Bee, Scott A Jones â€Å"Who is trying to Persuade me? Exploring consumer Interpretations of Endorsement based Advertising â€Å" (December 2007) 4. Hovland, Carl I and Walter Weiss (1951-1952), â€Å"The influence of Source Credibility on communication effectiveness† 5. 6. Dipayan Biswas and Abhijit Biswas, â€Å"The Differential Effects of Celebrity and Expert Endorsements on consumer Risk Preception†(June 2006) 7.

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Background and Methodology of the Research Process to Problems in Health Care Essay Background and Methodology of the Research Process to Problems in Health Care Childhood Obesity HCS/465 August 2, 2012 Donald Steacy Introduction The purpose of the paper is to show how to develop and understand methodology of the research process when pertaining to health care. The process consists of retrieving a peer-reviewed article and applying the research methodology to the article selected. The article selected for the research methodology was Childhood Obesity: A Global Public Health Crisis written by Sameera Karnik and Amar Kanekar written January 2012. Based on the information in the article will help determine the methods of defining the problem, the purpose of the study, research questions, hypothesis, study variables, conceptual model, the review of related literature and the study design of the selected article. Definition of Problem The problem addressed in the article is childhood obesity. â€Å"Childhood obesity is a major public health crisis nationally and internationally† (Karnik amp; Kaneka, 2012, para. 1. ) The concerns for childhood obesity have grown to a government level requiring action to help children to eat healthy and encourage physical activity. One of the causes for childhood obesity is an imbalance between calorie intake and calories utilized. Several factors such as genetics, behavioral and environmental can enhance the chances of childhood obesity. The concerns for childhood obesity have grown as well as the number of children suffering from this condition. The importance to educate parents and children on eating healthy has become vital to children’s health. The urgency to stop the epidemic of obesity is because children can develop long-term illnesses. The illnesses contracted due to childhood obesity are diabetes, heart disease, physical and social health problems. Purpose of Study The purpose of the study is to determine how to tackle childhood obesity at a population level by education, prevention, and sustainable interventions (Karnik amp; Kaneka, 2012). Further education is required for parents and children to help promote healthy eating and provide nutritional facts. Parent education is vital to help parents understand how their practices for healthy eating may not be effective and how to improve parenting skills in nutrition. Educating parents, facilities and children is required to show how to promote healthy eating; physical activity can prevent long-term illnesses. Intervention for parents of those children currently suffering from childhood obesity is vital to help with knowing good nutrition vs. bad nutrition. Intervention will also help parents understand about how to help their children eat healthy, help with physical activity and eliminate the chances of long-term illnesses Research Questions Is childhood obesity about a matter of genetics, poor eating habits, behavioral factors or lack of physical activity? Hypothesis Why is childhood obesity a growing concern for the United States and internationally? a. Childhood obesity can be a genetic issue b. Childhood obesity exists due to lack of physical activity c. Childhood obesity can cause diabetes, heart disease, social and psychological issues d. Childhood obesity exists because of poor eating habits Study Variables The independent variable would consist of the following question: poor eating habits leads to childhood obesity? The dependent variable consists of child hood obesity can lead to diabetes, heart disease, social and psychological concerns. Conceptual Model The meaning of a conceptual model is a type of diagram, which shows the relationship between factors that impact or lead to a target condition or a diagram that shows the theoretical entities and the relationship between them. The conceptual diagram above reflects the relationship between poor eating habits, genetics and poor physical activity that leads to childhood obesity. The contributing factors listed above all contribute to childhood obesity if not properly taken into consideration by parents. Literature Review Childhood obesity has become an epidemic over the years nationally and internationally. The increasingly amount of children suffering from childhood obesity has grown over the years. One or more factors contribute to the development of childhood obesity. Such factors are genetics, behavioral (poor eating habits) and environmental (physical activity). Childhood obesity can cause physical, psychological, and social health problems (Karnik amp; Kaneka, 2012). On the other hand, the most recent strategy used is interventions to prevent and control childhood obesity (Karnik amp; Kaneka, 2012,). The purpose of the article is to discover the factors influencing childhood obesity as well as the use of various interventions and governmental actions addressing obesity while getting an understanding of the challenges for managing the epidemic. Study Design The study design used in the article research was he historical study design. The authors of the article used scholarly articles from Medline, Educational Resources Information Center (ERIC) and Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) to determine the factors of childhood obesity (Karnik amp; Kaneka, 2012). The authors also collected data from a time span of 1999 – 2011 to further gain details from the selected sources to draw a conclusion of analysis. The utilization of the scholarly resources was used to determine the contributing factors for the epidemic of childhood obesity. If interventions such as school based, family based, community based, play based and hospital based are an effective way to address childhood obesity (Karnik amp; Kaneka, 2012). The authors did not study a particular organization but rather used a variety of sources to further their research method. Conclusion Overall, the research process is very extensive and certain methods are used to help gather information. The process starts with retrieving a scholarly peer-reviewed article pertaining to healthcare. After determining, what topic to use it is important to use these methods gain knowledge of analysis.

Increased Demand For More Resource Intensive Food Economics Essay

Increased Demand For More Resource Intensive Food Economics Essay The increasingly of enhanced productivity and yields of the farm sector have been driving the worldwide food prices falling for the past 25 years. However, this phenomenon came to a sudden change due to the global food prices increased dramatically by 2007, creating a global crisis and causing political and economical instability and social unrest in both poor and developed nations. Increased demand for more resource intensive food The head of the International Food Policy Research Institute stated in 2008 that the gradual change in diet among newly prosperous populations is the most important factor underpinning the rise in global food prices(Wikipedia, 2010), most notably in developing country like China and India. Rising of consumption of meat particularly has resulted in increase demand for grains; One kilogram of beef requires eight kilograms of feed grain, so as the demand for meat surges, consumption of grains by cattle soars, that driving up grain prices. Issue of bio-fuel subsidies Both the United States and European Union have implemented policies by giving the subsidies for ethanol and bio-diesel production to many farmers which have prompted them to switch to production for bio-fuel, even though exactly how effective they are at generating less CO2 emissions and decelerating global warming is actively debated. Ultimately this has diverted the land away from production of corn and soy for food, and reduced the supply of land devoted to growing crops that dont received bio-fuel subsidies, such as wheat. As a result, it generated a huge effect on demand for corn and soy beans. In 2007, for example, the U.S. increase in demand for corn-based ethanol accounted for more than half of the worldwide increase in demand for corn. The problem of imposition of high tariffs From the U.S. and EU markets by high tariffs, which are shutting out manufacturers of alternative products that can be turned into bio-fuels, most remarkably sugar cane, So as a result, the price of imported sugar cane is increased and making it extremely uncompetitive with subsidized corn and soy beans, this is unfortunate as sugar cane is a more environmentally friendly raw material for bio-fuels than corn and soy beans. As matter of fact, the circumstances may get even poorer, in case policy makers have their way. Policies in both U.S. and the EU require increase in the production of bio-fuels, but none of them has permitted decreasing tariff barriers on sugar cane or to remove the trade distorting subsides given to those who generate corn and soy for bio-fuels. 2) Case Discussion Questions 1 Answer Who benefits from government policies to (a) promote production of ethanol and (b) place tariff barriers on imports of sugar cane? Who suffers as a result of these policies? The policies who benefit from the government policies to promote production of ethanol will be the country and its domestic producers. For this case, it will be United States and the domestics producers in United States. Also, it will provide the producers with the chance to expand or increase their export market. For example, Archer Daniels Midland Company is one of the United States domestic company which turn crops into renewable products. At the same time, the tariff barriers on imports of sugar cane would minimize the foreign imports. Most of people believe that the ethanol production provides large benefits to the farmers, but in fact the profits to farmer are minimal. However, most of the domestics producers (like Archer Daniels Midland) are making huge profits from ethanol production which were received the ethanol subsidies. (EV World, 2002) Refer to the attached table from the United States Energy Information Administration: Table 1: In the recent year, the production of ethanol in United States is fully consumption by them and the continuous declined the import of ethanol. This is well obviously the domestics consumption and no import market for the ethanol. In additional, sugar cane, corn and soybeans are mainly used for production of biofuel. Most of the developed countries (e.g. China and India) are usually provided the subsidies, it will make the production of corn, sugar cane increasing faster and the farmers will plant more. These will be also beneficial to the developed countries. The land owners will give the benefit as well as the more ethanol production needed more arable land for crops. On the other hand, the consumers will suffer by paying more for the corn, sugar cane, etc. as the demand for ethanol is increased. In addition, the drivers in United States will suffer a lack of competition as the ethanol prices are higher. Also, the energy and pollution need to be balance of the whole cycle of ethanol production. 3) Case Discussion Questions 2 Answer One estimate suggests that if food prices rise by one-third, they will reduce living standards in rich countries by about 3%, but in very poor ones by about 20%. According to the international food policy research institute, unless policies change, cereal prices will rise by 10% to 20% by 2015, and the expansion of bio-fuel production could reduce calorie intake by 2% To 8% by 2020 in many of the worlds poorest nations. Should rich countries do anything about this potential problem? If so, what Yes we do, from the perspective of ethics the rich nations should provide helps hence these nations is already very well developed and they have more resources or extra resources to reallocate to the poor nations by providing helps to save life. Double approach To tackle the current situation of high food prices by providing emergency assistance to the poorest countries is needed. By revitalizing rural communities and re-launching agriculture are the key elements to reduce hunger and ensure an improved world food situation. Protecting the people who suffers hunger in rural and urban areas would require direct food distribution, food subsidies, cash donation and nutritional programs, such as school feeding. Enhance social protection is also very important for vulnerable groups, including pregnant women, elderly and the children. For short-term action, local food production should be the first prioritize. Subsides program should include the distribution to local farmers of fertilizers, seeds, animal feed or other input. Support should focus on agricultural research serving the needs of poor farmers, many of whom farm in increasingly marginal areas; poor farmers should have better access to factors of production, namely land, water and inputs. If this program worked effectively, such program would enhance the supply response in poor countries and improve food availability, during the increase of the income with small producers and it might also reduce price increases in local markets as well. For mid and long term actions, high food prices also represent an opportunity for increase investments in agriculture by both the private and public sectors to stimulate production and enhance productivity. Invite private firm for investment into long neglected areas such as agricultural research, extension for infrastructure, on the other hand production and trade policies on bio fuels may also need to be re-examined for their possible effects on food markets and food security, especially in those vulnerable countries. If all the short and long terms projects which works effectively, the food prices should decline dramatically because the supply of food increase and it could save millions of peoples who dont have to suffers of hungers and diseases, It may stop the wars between the poor countries which competes again for access to resources. 4) Case Discussion Questions 3 Answer The argument for giving subsides to ethanol producer rests upon the assumption that ethanol results in lower CO2 emission than gasoline and therefore benefits the environment. If we accept that global warming is a serious problem in itself, should we not be encouraging government to increase such subsides? What are the arguments for and against doing so? On balance, what do you think is the best policy? Biofuel as E85 is an ethanol fuel that typically contains a blend of up to 85% ethanol and 15% gasoline. E85 is commonly used in the United States and Europe. Ethanol is one of the best tools to address environmental issues such as reduction in greenhouse effect and exhaust pipe emissions. Because ethanol is made from renewable, plant-based feedstock such as corn or sugar cane. The CO2 released during a vehicle in motion is recycled during the growth of ethanol feedstock. In 2007, U.S. governments have given subsidies to farmers caused that corn production increased to 85 million tons from around 15 million tons in 2000. Also subsidies amount to between $0.29 and $0.36 per liter of ethanol. In Europe the subsidies are as more as $1 a liter. The greenhouse effect is an essential environmental prerequisite for life on Earth. The problem is human activities destroy and accelerate the process by creating more greenhouse gases which include carbon dioxide, emitted by fossil fuel combustion and deforestation etcà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Global warming is produced mainly by the growth of greenhouse effect and emission of carbon dioxide. The Earths average surface temperature rose by 0.74 ±0.18  °C over the period 1906-2005. The carbon dioxide emission is estimated some 80 % rise in the economic growth of China. In the meantime the US and EU managed to reduce emissions slightly. It seems that global warming is a serious problem. The initial purpose of the subsidy was to help a nascent biofuels industry, hope to reduce Americas petroleum dependence. However, the ethanol is an effective way to break our petroleum addiction but not be the best of tools to improve the environmental and economic. In case we still encouraging government to increase the subsidies in the ethanol. It can be improved cellulosic technologies for energy efficient, reduce reliance on petroleum or displacement if possible. on the other hand, it may be developed an agriculturally-based rural energy workforce and help domestic producers to earn more revenue and advance economic growth because as the government policy to compete against low-cost foreign imports, gain export markets and improve the environmental better. In turn, Eliminating or not increasing ethanol subsidies will lower your grocery bill, saving $30 billion in wasteful spending and increasing edible maize by 14%. Because subsidies caused high demand for corn and soy beans turn into ethanol, then reduce the supply of land devoted to growing crops, that its existence increases the price of corn, and that food prices rising. On balance, I think the best policy is ethanol has helped in the development of the biofuel infrastructure. The subsidies still carry on but should be set up expiry dates and limit budget, also able to increase subsidies directed towards a broader range of approaches. From the technological and economic benefits, ethanol production still has little potential upside left in process cost reduction. Some subsidies should be used to introduce new competition to markets or support other new technologies to get higher revenue. 5) Application to Hong Kong Business Environment Governments policy is a critical factor. US and EU government implement Bio-Fuel Subsides and high tariff for sugar cane which is part of reason to rise global food price. There are many similar cases in Hong Kong. MTR Corporation Ltd is a typical example. The MTR Corporation was established in 1975 as the Mass Transit Railway Corporation and the Hong Kong Government was the only sole shareholder. Although the Hong Kong Government sold 23% of its issued share capital to private investors in an Initial Public Offering in 2000, Hong Kong Government is still a main shareholder. Since 90s, Hong Kong Government has adopted a transportation policy Railway as a backbone on the public policy. There are now 10 lines, but the Corporation is still developing and expanding its network. Within the next decade, the Corporation will complete five new strategic rail extensions. They include: West Island Line, Guangzhou Shenzhen Hong Kong Express Rail Link, Shatin to Central Link, Kwun Tong Line Extension and South Island Line (East). The Hong Kong Government supports the MTR Corporation Ltd non-stop network expansion. On the other hand, the Government adopts a tight control to others transportation with direct competition with MTR Corporation Ltd. For Example, franchised public bus KMB, who has been constrained the No. of vehicles, Bus routing expansion / abridgment and so on. Application to Hong Kong Resident Supply and Demand is an important issue. Due to the population growth the demand of meet, so the demand of food relatively increase which cause the global food price rise. Hong Kong residents are also affected by the issue of supply and demand of property. The price of property has been dramatically gone up from 40 to 115 since 2002 up to 2012 according to Centa-City Leading Index. In past, the ex- Chief Executive Donald Tsang did not have any policy to increase the supply of property. This result the supply of property maintains on the low level. However, the population of nubile age is increasing and they have a huge of demand on the property. Government is the main supply of property as it provides lands to property developer before property building and it directly build subsidized houses. However, in the past ten years, the supply of property is relatively low. The stop building of subsidized houses and slow land sold by Land Sale by Application, the supply of property is only around 10 thousand per last few years, but the demand of property is around 25 thousand as the No. of the marriages is over 50 thousand in the recent years. It causes a sharp difference between supply and demand. There is not enough supply to fulfil all demand. 6) Conclusion The global food price increase is one of the signs of the global food crisis. Global food crisis is a profound problem to all the human being. 22 countries have already suffered from this issue and more than 900 million people suffer from not having enough to eat every day according to FAO 2010. Global food crisis is more serious than war and environmental crisis as it would create a lot of social issue and affect social stability. Therefore it is time to take precautions before it is too late, we start! General public can as well reduce the food waste. In addition, the case study of global food price increase also shows the importance of governments policy. Government policy affects the business environment the industrys recession or boom. Government policy affects the living standard of general public. To take necessary precautions, Hong Kong resident should keep an eye on government daily operation.

The Practice of Leadership investigation and questionnaire

The Practice of Leadership investigation and questionnaire The research we have discussed has described transactional leader. What is the difference between transactional and transformational leaders? (4) 1. Transactional leaders are leaders who ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 2. Transformational leaders are leaders who ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 3. Transformational leadership is built on top of transactional leadership. You cannot have transformational without transactional leadership. 4. The evidence supporting the advantage of transformational leadership over the transactional is tremendously impressive. 5. A Table Comparing Transactional and Transformational Leadership: Transactional Transformational Visionary vs Charismatic Leadership Visionary leadership is described as with the ability to create and articulate a realistic, credible, attractive vision of the future for an organisation or organisational unit that grows out of and improves on the present. 1. If the vision is properly selected and implemented, it can be so energising that it incites individuals to use their skills, talents and resources to make it happen. 2. The key properties of a vision are that it has inspirational possibilities that are value centred, are realisable, have better imagery and are well spoken. 3. What skills do visionary leaders have? (3) a. ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ b. ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ c. ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ Charismatic leadership theory is an extension of attribution theory and suggests that followers make attributions of heroic or extraordinary leadership abilities when they observe certain behaviours. A charismatic leadership style can appear similar to a transformational leadership style, in that the leader injects huge doses of enthusiasm into his or her team, and is very energetic in driving others forward. However, charismatic leaders can tend to believe more in themselves than in their teams. Eight personal characteristics of charismatic leaders have been identified. (8) ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ 2. An increasing amount of research shows impressive correlations between charismatic leadership and high performance and satisfaction among followers. 3. Most experts think that individuals can be trained to exhibit charismatic behaviours. 4. Charismatic leadership may not always be needed to achieve high levels of employee performance. It may be most appropriate when an employees job has a lot of ideological content. Quiz: Charismatic and Transformational Leadership 1. Charismatic leadership is best understood by examining: a. leader characteristics b. leader and subordinate characteristics c. leader and situational characteristics d. leader, subordinate, and situational characteristics 2. Which statement about transformational and charismatic leadership is most accurate? a. both types of leadership involve the same underlying processes b. both type of leadership are effective in any situation c. charismatic leaders are less common in business organizations d. charismatic leaders are more effective in business organizations Team leadership As the usage of work teams grows, the role of team leader becomes increasingly important. 1. The challenge for most managers is learning how to become an effective team leader. 2. Effective team leaders have mastered the difficult balancing act of knowing when to leave their teams alone and when to get involved. 3. How does an effective leader build and support teams? (5) a.________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ b.________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ c.________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ 4. There are two priorities for a team leader. (2) a. ___________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ b. ___________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ 5. These priorities can be broken down into four specific leadership roles. a. ________________________________________________ b. ________________________________________________ c. ________________________________________________ d. ________________________________________________ (4) Quiz: Leadership in Teams and Decision Groups 1. Which of the following is not a primary determinant of performance for a functional team? a. how long the current leader has been in that position b. trust and cooperation among the team members c. the organization and coordination of activities d. member agreement about objectives and strategies 2. The primary responsibility of the leader of a decision group is to: a. suggest good ideas for solving the problem b. ensure that everybody has equal influence c. encourage group members to reach an agreement quickly d. structure the discussion in a systematic manner 3. Which leader action is most likely to improve a group decision? a. ask judgmental questions to stimulate more creative solutions b. separate solution generation from solution evaluation c. determine who was responsible for causing the problem d. insist that the person who suggests a solution must defend it 4. Which of the following is not recommended for leaders of decision groups? a. focus the group discussion on the best two solutions b. encourage members to look for integrative solutions c. describe the problem without implying the cause or solution d. allow ample time for systematic evaluation of ideas LEADERSHIP ISSUES IN THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY. Leaders and Power: Leadership power refers to: _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ What is the difference between power and authority? (2) ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Kelman (1958) proposed three different types of influence processes: 1.______________________________________________________________ 2.______________________________________________________________ 3.______________________________________________________________ French and Raven (1959) identified five sources or bases of power. Explain them. (10) 1. Legitimate power ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 2. Coercive power ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 3. Reward power ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 4. Expert power ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 5. Referent power ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Yukl and Falbe (1991) add two more types of power: 1. Information Power ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 2. Ecological Power ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Most effective leaders rely on several different bases of power. Power can be personal (referent and expert) or position (legitimate, reward, coercive, information, ecological). How is power acquired or lost? a. Social Exchange Theory _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ b. Strategic Contingencies Theory _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Quiz: Power and Influence 1. What kind of power is dependent upon friendship and trust? a. affiliation power b. dyadic power c. referent power d. expert power 2. Which influence process is most likely to result in continued commitment to a task objective regardless of the managers subsequent actions? a. instrumental compliance b. personal identification c. compliance with authority d. internalization 3. Which two kinds of power have been found to be related most strongly to leader effectiveness in motivating subordinates? a. expert and referent power b. reward and referent power c. expert and legitimate power d. reward and expert power 4. Control over information is likely to give a manager power over: a. subordinates b. subordinates and peers c. peers and superiors d. peers, superiors, and subordinates 5. Which is not a recommended way to increase ones expert power? a. show others how to solve problems for themselves b. avoid making rash or careless statements c. act confident and decisive in a crisis d develop exclusive sources of technical information 6. The most likely outcome for an influence attempt based on legitimate power is: a. passive resistance b. compliance c. active resistance d. commitment Leading through Empowerment: Another modern leadership issue is leading through empowerment. Managers are increasingly leading by empowering their employees. 1. The increased use of empowerment is being driven by two forces. (2) a. _________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ b. _________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 2. Empowerment should not be considered a universal solution to problems. Instead, it should be used where a workforce has the knowledge, skills, and experience to do jobs competently and where employees seek independence and possess an internal source of control. 3. The following conditions should be met for empowerment to be introduced (Cautions): ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Quiz: Leading through empowerment 1. Leading through empowerment increases _______________ of the workers: a. control b. maturity c. independence d. decision-making maturity 2. What is the most likely benefit from using participation in decision making? a. the decision will be made more quickly b. the quality of the decision will be better c. there will be more decision acceptance by participants d. there will be greater agreement among the participants Developing Trust: Another important modern issue for leaders is creating a culture of trust and credibility. 1. Credibility is __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 2. Trust is __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 3. Research has identified five dimensions that make up the concept of trust. Explain them. (5) a. Integrity ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ b. Competence ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ c. Consistency ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ d. Loyalty ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ e. Openness ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ 4. Given the fact that many organisations have moved to self-managed work teams, trust is extremely important because many of the traditional control mechanisms have been removed. 5. How should leaders build trust? Give eight suggestions. (8) a. ________________________________________________ b. ________________________________________________ c. ________________________________________________ d. ________________________________________________ e. ________________________________________________ f. ________________________________________________ g. ________________________________________________ h. ________________________________________________ Providing Moral, Ethical and Legal Leadership. Providing moral leadership involves addressing the means that a leader uses in achieving goals. It involves the content of the goals as well. Transformational leaders encouraging moral values when they try to change the attitudes and behaviours of followers. Unethical versus ethical leaders and the use of charisma. Recent corporate financial scandals have given rise to research that considers the ethical implications in leadership. The importance of ethical behaviour when it comes to trust. Abuse of power as leaders, especially illegal activities. Heroic Leadership. In the last few years there have been questions raised about the integrity of business leaders and there are signs of doubt entering into the publics perceptions of business. Polls in the US show that just 16 per cent of Americans trust business executives. US CEO makes 411 times the average worker. CEO salaries in Australia and New Zealand have not been as huge as in the US, but have in the same upward direction. Further resentment when rewards are given to CEOs even when the companys performance declines. Failure of the heroic leader has resulted from arrogance and greed. CEOs role as organisational leader needs to change. CEOs need to get back to the basics of what it means to be a leader. Such as: Give people a reason to come to work. Help employees to develop a passion for their work, a commitment to their colleagues and sense of responsibility to the organisations customers. Be loyal to the organisations people. Spend time with people who do the real work of the organisation. Todays CEO needs to be candid about what business practices are acceptable and proper. They should be prepared to take decisive action when something wrong is discovered. Becoming an effective leader. Organisations are in need of effective leaders. Cross-cultural leadership. Do leadership styles vary with national culture? National culture is certainly an important situational variable in determining which leadership style will be most effective because of how followers will respond. Name 7 universal elements of effective leadership. (7) _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ Gender differences and leadership. The next modern leadership issue we want to discuss is gender and leadership. This topic is one that still creates controversy! What, if any, differences exist between male and female leaders and what implications would these differences have? 1. The evidence generally has found that males and females do tend to use different leadership styles. This is not sexist, just reality. (3) a. Women tend to adopt a more ____________________style and a less ________________________________style than men do. b. Women are more likely to encourage participation, share power and information, and attempt to enhance followers self-worth. c. Men are more likely to use a directive, command-and-control style. d. Men rely on the formal authority of their position for their influence base. e. Men use___________________________________ leadership, handing out rewards for good work and punishment for bad. 2. Is different better? Consider the following statement: The best managers (leaders) listen, motivate, and provide support to their people. They inspire and influence rather than control. Generally speaking, women seem to do these things better than men. Do you agree? _____ 3. However, gender does not mean destiny. Which leadership style is effective depends on the situation. Gender simply provides a behavioural tendency in leadership style. 4. Glass ceiling: An unofficial, invisible barrier that prevents women and minorities from advancing in the businesses. In economics, this term refers to situations where the advancement of a qualified person within the hierarchy of an organization is stopped at a lower level because of some form of discrimination, most commonly sexism or racism, but sometimes, glass ceiling describes the limited advancement of the deaf, blind, disabled, and aged. Quiz: Gender and Cross-cultural Leadership 1. Which statement is most accurate according to the research on gender and leadership? a. men are more effective than women as leaders in organizations b. women are more effective than men as leaders in organizations c. men and women have an equal opportunity to be effective leaders d. men and women do not differ in their effectiveness as leaders 2. Which is least likely to be a reason for the glass ceiling in large organizations like business? a. differences in leadership behavior displayed by men and women b. implicit theories about the attributes required for effective leadership c. popular stereotypes about the skills and traits of men and women d. less encouragement and developmental opportunities for women Leader training Organisations around the globe spend billions of dollars, yen and Euros on leadership training and development. Some people do not have what it takes to be a leader. Evidence indicates that leadership training is more likely to be successful with individuals who are high self-monitors. Also individuals with higher levels of a trait called motivation to lead are more receptive to leadership development opportunities. Skills that can be taught are implementation skills in relation to effective visions, trust building, mentoring and situational analysis. Online leadership Write down the three main challenges of online leadership: __________________________________ __________________________________ __________________________________ Leadership Role-Play: Handling Confrontation (Mon): In groups (min. 3 max 4 people) think of a scenario in which a manager has to deal with employees about a problem in a workplace interview. Prepare a written script that you will hand a copy to your instructor when you do it. Appoint one person as the reporter, one person as the manager, and the rest as employees. The reporter sets the picture for us and the others act out the scenario in about 5 minutes. Then the reporter puts up a slide to summarize the leader-follower dynamics illustrated in the role-play, as reflected by the theory that we have learnt in the workbook. The class will then discuss this summary and analyze it further, drawing effective conclusions from the theory that we have learnt. Three important questions to ask: What kind of leadership style did the manager use? What is his relationship like with the follower/s? What do you think will be the outcome of the confrontation?

Crime in society :: essays research papers

What is this world coming to? Our society is losing its authority. Why is there so much crime in society? There is so much because there are so many people that never consider the other person that they are stealing from or causing harm to. All of these people are self-centered and never think who they could be hurting but what they are going to gain from the crime whether it be happiness or self-respect they don’t think of the consequence or how the person on the other side of the crime feels. The reason why this is, is because the parents today are not cutting it. They are not teaching their children the difference between right and wrong. How come Aristotle says that society perfects human but yet no one is perfect? If our parents would take a little more responsibility with their children we wouldn’t have so much crime. Our parents are not putting enough restriction on the kids. There are letting them roam free because they feel guilty when their children complain and cry so they let them have their way. On a few cases the parents try their best but they still grow up to be some of the unfortunate cases that still commit crimes. These types of criminals are the ones that have an influence to commit crimes. Most of the time the main influence is peer pressure. Usually the person wants to fit in so he commits a crime thinking that he will be excepted. There are also very few cases of when the person grows up and unfortunately has a natural desire to break the rules. Fortunately this can be corrected from grammar school if caught early, if not it can lead to horrible consequences. If parents are lucky they can raise a normal child that will lead to a good life with much to gain from a few years of hard work to many years of happiness and feeling that you have completed your mission as a parent to raise a good child. I think what Aristotle is trying to say when he says that society perfects humans is that without society we would be farther away to perfection than we are now. I disagree with this because no matter what influence you have it is impossible to be perfect. Which means that society or government or anything else has nothing to do with the

A Comparison Between The Works Of Amedeo Modigliani And Jacques Villon :: essays research papers

Italian-born Cubist painter, Amedeo Modigliani (1884-1920) and the French, Jacques Villon (1875-1963), both painted vibrant and expressive portraits during the early twentieth-century. In this case, the chosen portraits are Modigliani's "Portrait of Mrs. Hastings", 1915 and Villon's "Mme. Fulgence", 1936. Both of these compositions are portraits. Nothing is of more importance than the sitter herself. The female sitter in Modigliani's piece, sits in an almost dizzying pose with a twist in her elongated neck (a Modigliani trademark), a stylized and mask-like head and a columnar neck. All of which give the sitter a blank and ashen expression. She looks at the viewer, head-on with a most piercing air in her eyes. In Villon's case, his female sitter has been created solely with the use of layered colours and a very random synthetist outline technique (a similar technique the post-impressionist painter Gaugin used). Modigliani outlines his figure moreso in black than Villon. Mme. Fulgence's age is understood by the strong dynamic colour quality that has been used to break her face apart. In a way, these colourful divisions act as wrinkles. For instance, the chunk of layered pink on her lip creates a scowl and the heavily applied white on her nose helps it to seem upright; a 'snobbish' upturn. Colours such as the orange, have been used to highlight her left cheek and only visible ear. With these effects, the viewer sees Mme. Fulgence as a very proper and'posh' (if you will) woman. Bitterness is only a common linkage with the other attributes. Modigliani's Hastings on the other hand seems to be an intense woman of a compassionate nature. Both of these pieces have relied heavily on the expressive and wild use of colour to create emotional expressions and unerring form. Both of these portraits are created using oil paints--Modigliani's on cardboard and Villon's on canvas. The most important element that draws their work away from the mainstream is their heavy application of paint. Although they both apply their colour liberally, Modigliani's strokes are thick, jagged, and for the most part random. His brushstrokes are also particularly long, whereas Villon's are short and brief. Modigliani uses monochromatic hues of red to create the prominent colour of the piece and like Villon, he has used a very vague background to express the importance of his sitter. Colour is of equal importance in both pieces as it draws the viewer in and allows the viewer's eyes to be brought around the piece. Modigliani has split his background from top to bottom, using red and strokes of burnt sienna at first, then an auburn and deeper red for the bottom.

A Liberal Education Makes an Educated Man or Woman :: Teaching Education Essays

A Liberal Education Makes an Educated Man or Woman The idea of a liberal education is what universities are moving towards. A liberally educated person is someone whom is educated in many different areas other than their major area of study. Colleges encompass a liberal education in their curriculum by including a liberal studies program. A liberal studies program requires certain courses, and various electives outside a student’s major. The reason for these required classes is to broaden the minds of the students, so they can tolerate different views and understand the behaviors of different people they may encounter in their lives. The first year of college for me, has been productive in starting to become liberally educated. I have taken four classes outside of my major, which is hotel and restaurant management. The outside classes I have taken are math, biology, and two English courses. I feel that taking these classes is going to help me in my career and in life. For example I want to be a chef, chefs have to know how to use math properly. If a chef does not have proper math skills and he needs to increase, or reduce a recipe the food will not turn out as it should be. This in turn would limit his ability to perform his job properly. This example is just one a many reasons why being liberally educated is a necessity in today’s world. The extra classes that I have taken thus far are certainly not enough for me to be liberally educated. I need to learn as much as I possibly can while I am at college, to consider myself a liberally educated person. The next step for me to become liberally educated is next semester, I am going to take public speaking. Public speaking will help me in everything I ever do, because people skills are the most important skill to have. A couple semesters down the road I know that I will be taking a Shakespeare course because being able to understand Shakespeare will greatly improve my ability to read and understand literature. Another step I am going to take in becoming liberally educated will be taking psychology courses. Understanding human nature and the human brain are very important in communicating properly with people who have different views and beliefs than I do.

Deception Point Page 73

Corky leaned forward to look at her. â€Å"Please don't tell me your new theory is that NASA took a fossilized rock up in the space shuttle and sent it hurtling toward earth hoping nobody would notice the fireball, the massive crater, or the explosion?† Rachel had not thought of that, although it was an interesting premise. Not feasible, but interesting all the same. Her thoughts were actually closer to home. All natural atmospheric elements. Clean burn. Striations from racing through the air. A faint light had gone off in a distant corner of her mind. â€Å"The ratios of the atmospheric elements you saw,† she said. â€Å"Were they exactly the same ratios you see on every other meteorite with a fusion crust?† Corky seemed to hedge slightly at the question. â€Å"Why do you ask?† Rachel saw him hesitate and felt her pulse quicken. â€Å"The ratios were off, weren't they?† â€Å"There is a scientific explanation.† Rachel's heart was suddenly pounding. â€Å"Did you by any chance see an unusually high content of one element in particular?† Tolland and Corky exchanged startled looks. â€Å"Yes,† Corky said, â€Å"but-â€Å" â€Å"Was it ionized hydrogen?† The astrophysicist's eyes turned to saucers. â€Å"How could you possibly know that!† Tolland also looked utterly amazed. Rachel stared at them both. â€Å"Why didn't anyone mention this to me?† â€Å"Because there's a perfectly sound scientific explanation!† Corky declared. â€Å"I'm all ears,† Rachel said. â€Å"There was surplus ionized hydrogen,† Corky said, â€Å"because the meteorite passed through the atmosphere near the North Pole, where the earth's magnetic field causes an abnormally high concentration of hydrogen ions.† Rachel frowned. â€Å"Unfortunately, I have another explanation.† 87 The fourth floor of NASA headquarters was less impressive than the lobby-long sterile corridors with office doors equally spaced along the walls. The corridor was deserted. Laminated signs pointed in all directions. LANDSAT 7 TERRA ACRIMSAT JASON 1 AQUA PODS Gabrielle followed the signs for PODS. Winding her way down a series of long corridors and intersections, she came to a set of heavy steel doors. The stencil read: Polar Orbiting Density Scanner (PODS) Section Manager, Chris Harper The doors were locked, secured both by key card and a PIN pad access. Gabrielle put her ear to the cold metal door. For a moment, she thought she heard talking. Arguing. Maybe not. She wondered if she should just bang on the door until someone inside let her in. Unfortunately, her plan for dealing with Chris Harper required a bit more subtlety than banging on doors. She looked around for another entrance but saw none. A custodial alcove stood adjacent to the door, and Gabrielle stepped in, searching the dimly lit niche for a janitor's key ring or key card. Nothing. Just brooms and mops. Returning to the door, she put her ear to the metal again. This time she definitely heard voices. Getting louder. And footsteps. The latch engaged from inside. Gabrielle had no time to hide as the metal door burst open. She jumped to the side, plastering herself against the wall behind the door as a group of people hurried through, talking loudly. They sounded angry. â€Å"What the hell is Harper's problem? I thought he'd be on cloud nine!† â€Å"On a night like tonight,† another said as the group passed by, â€Å"he wants to be alone? He should be celebrating!† As the group moved away from Gabrielle, the heavy door started swinging closed on pneumatic hinges, revealing her location. She remained rigid as the men continued down the hall. Waiting as long as she possibly could, until the door was only inches from closing, Gabrielle lunged forward and caught the door handle with just inches to spare. She stood motionless as the men turned the corner down the hall, too engaged in their conversation to look back. Heart pounding, Gabrielle pulled open the door and stepped into the dimly lit area beyond. She quietly closed the door. The space was a wide open work area that reminded her of a college physics laboratory: computers, work islands, electronic gear. As her eyes became accustomed to the darkness, Gabrielle could see blueprints and sheets of calculations scattered around. The entire area was dark except for an office on the far side of the lab, where a light shone under the door. Gabrielle walked over quietly. The door was closed, but through the window she could see a man sitting at a computer. She recognized the man from the NASA press conference. The nameplate on the door read: Chris Harper Section Manager, PODS Having come this far, Gabrielle suddenly felt apprehensive, wondering if she could actually pull this off. She reminded herself how certain Sexton was that Chris Harper had lied. I would bet my campaign on it, Sexton had said. Apparently there were others who felt the same, others who were waiting for Gabrielle to uncover the truth so they could close in on NASA, attempting to gain even a tiny foothold after tonight's devastating developments. After the way Tench and the Herney administration had played Gabrielle this afternoon, she was eager to help. Gabrielle raised her hand to knock on the door but paused, Yolanda's voice running through her mind. If Chris Harper lied to the world about PODS, what makes you think he'll tell YOU the truth? Fear, Gabrielle told herself, having almost fallen victim to it herself today. She had a plan. It involved a tactic she'd seen the senator use on occasion to scare information out of political opponents. Gabrielle had absorbed a lot under Sexton's tutelage, and not all of it attractive or ethical. But tonight she needed every advantage. If she could persuade Chris Harper to admit he had lied-for whatever reason-Gabrielle would open a small door of opportunity for the senator's campaign. Beyond that, Sexton was a man who, if given an inch to maneuver, could wriggle his way out of almost any jam. Gabrielle's plan for dealing with Harper was something Sexton called â€Å"overshooting†-an interrogation technique invented by the early Roman authorities to coax confessions from criminals they suspected were lying. The method was deceptively simple: Assert the information you want confessed. Then allege something far worse. The object was to give the opponent a chance to choose the lesser of two evils-in this case, the truth. The trick was exuding confidence, something Gabrielle was not feeling at the moment. Taking a deep breath, Gabrielle ran through the script in her mind, and then knocked firmly on the office door. â€Å"I told you I'm busy!† Harper called out, his English accent familiar. She knocked again. Louder. â€Å"I told you I'm not interested in coming down!† This time she banged on the door with her fist. Chris Harper came over and yanked open the door. â€Å"Bloody hell, do you-† He stopped short, clearly surprised to see Gabrielle. â€Å"Dr. Harper,† she said, infusing her voice with intensity. â€Å"How did you get up here?† Gabrielle's face was stern. â€Å"Do you know who I am?† â€Å"Of course. Your boss has been slamming my project for months. How did you get in?† â€Å"Senator Sexton sent me.† Harper's eyes scanned the lab behind Gabrielle. â€Å"Where is your staff escort?† â€Å"That's not your concern. The senator has influential connections.† â€Å"In this building?† Harper looked dubious. â€Å"You've been dishonest, Dr. Harper. And I'm afraid the senator has called a special senatorial justice board to look into your lies.† A pall crossed Harper's face. â€Å"What are you talking about?†

Law for Non Lawyer Essay

As for one action, no matter it is legal or not is not only matches the law clauses, but also complies with the legal principle. Legal principle plays a vital role in the society. In the situation that the existing law would not have the ability to solve the new problems happened in the society, the legal principle can play a part in solving the problem. As for these situations that there are no explicit legal rules to solve the issue, the legal principle would take it. As for the relationship of the agent, the agent can represent the principal to do some things. Even if the contract is formed by the agent and the third party, the principal should take the responsibility finally. Body The Lawï ¼Å' unlike other rules, it is a symbol of authority and power. It relies on the compelling force of the state by different means of punishment. The law can be taking into many different forms, such as public law and private law, civil law and criminal law, common law and statute law, and so on. Public Law regulates the relations between citizens, companies and private associations on the one hand and the state on the other. Generally speaking, public law consists of Constitutional Law, Administrative Law, and Criminal Law. Private law regulates the relations between citizens, companies and private associations, such as tort law, contract law, land law, commercial law, and so on. Therefore, the law would play a role of guidance to people. For example, according to the criminal law, we can know what we can do and what we can not do. Under the press of the law, based on the fear of the punishment, we can prevent ourselves from committing a crime. Taking contract law for another example, the parties of the contract should bear the responsibility ruled in the contract. The unconstrained agreement is the basic element to a contract. Every party of the contract should comply with the quest ruled by the contract law. As for the application of common law, the judges should follow the previous decisions made in the process of the development of the law through doctrine of precedent. On the contrary, statute law is the laws made by the parliament. As for the use of the law in daily life, legal principle is one of the most important parts. At some situations, the application of the legal principle is more important than the legal clauses themselves. Due to the rapid development of the society and the economy, the evolution of the law can not keep up with the pace of the society and economy. In a result, in some cases, the existing law would not have the ability to solve the new problems happened in the society. So, as for these situations that there are no explicit legal rules to solve the issue, the legal principle is playing a vital role. According to the opinion of Leslie Green, another reason for the use of the legal principle is that law may be beneficial, but only in some contexts and always at a price, at the risk of grave injustice.[1] In general, the legal principle is formed in the process of the development of the law, experiencing a long history. It is always absorb the beneficial historical sources and develop into a useful material to match the need of the modern society for the law. It also develops to apply from an area to another area.[2] There are many legal principles can be used in our daily life. Such as the principle that everyone is equal before the law, signing a contract freely, protecting the public order and good morals, and so on. In the case of the background, although the action asking the friends to attend the party is match the rule of the law of the Prohibition of Unsolicited Parties (Fictitious) Act 2010, Derek violates the legal principle of protecting the public order and good morals. As a result, Derek should take some responsibility in the civil law. In the case, Ray, the Manager of a builder’s merchants, asks Derek, a Sales Assistant at the same workplace, to keep an eye on his 5-acre smallholding while he is on holiday in Spain. Derek emails a few of his friends to attend his 21st birthday party in a disused barn on Ray’s farm land. Due to a technical error, the email was sent to his entire email address book. Over 600 people arrive at the party and a neighbor farmer calls the police complaining about the noise. Derek is arrested for breach of the Prohibition of Unsolicited Parties Act 2010. For the Act, it applies to a gathering of more than a hundred people on land for a social purpose in which it is likely that alcohol will be consumed. It is a criminal offence to organize such a gathering without the permission of a local magistrate unless the organizer is an exempt person. (James B. Crippin, Jerry Ahern. Peter Squires. 2011) For the birthday party, it gathers over 600 people, it is up to the mustard of rally, that is, (1) particular majority participate; (2) participants have a more consistent motivation and purpose; (3) in the course, it has the serious violations, damage to public order, harm public safety or others. So, it needs to receive the permission of a local magistrate, otherwise, it will violate the Prohibition of Unsolicited Parties Act 2010. From the case of the background, we can see Derek and Ray form an oral contract and an agent relationship. In general, a contract is formed at the basic of the mutual assent between the parties.[3] According to the view of Miguel Pickard, the relationship formed among the people is aim at the interests of the parties.[4] The agent relationship formed between Derek and Ray is a typical example. In the stage of the leave of Ray, Derek, as the agent of Ray, would gain some rights as well as some responsibilities. Agent is formed by two parties: the agent, the principal. In the sense of the law, the relationship of agent has three parties: agent, principal and the third party. An agent is the one who is empowered to represent the principal to do some things, either implied or expressly. In the real life, although the contract is signed by the agent and the third party, in fact, the legal relation is created between the principal and the third party. An agency is formed either by express agreement or by implied agreement. In general, the relationship of agent formed by implied agreement is shaped in some necessary or emergent situations or shaped by custom. Such as a person entrusts with others’ property, need to preserve immediately, impossible or extraordinarily difficult to communicate with the principal. Once two people create the agent relationship and publish to public by words or other forms, this means that the third party has the evidence t believe their agent relationship. The agent and the principal can not deny the relationship casually. If the third party believes one person who is actually no authority to represent the principal is the agent of the principal and do some trade or sign an agreement with this person, the principal can ratify the authority afterwards. But there are some limiting conditions for the ratification: the principal who should have the contractual capacity must be informed of all the fac ts of the agency and ratify the authority during a reasonable time; the ratification must be of the entire contract and can be inferred. As long as the authority is ratified, the relation formed between the agent and the third party is binding to the principal.[5]As for the agent relationship, all of the parties should take their own responsibility and enjoy the right. The agent should follow the principal’s instructions. The agent can not make profits in the name of the principal for himself secretly. In general, the right of the agent to represent the principal is limited. If the agent makes profits secretly making use of the benefit of the principal, it is illegal.[6] In order to serve for the principal, the agent would ask for remuneration from the principal. The agent has right to ask for indemnity and reimbursement from the principal as long as injured or hurt during the stage of agency. Once the principal tries to avoid the liability, the agent enjoys the right of lien. The principal should make explicit authority to the agent and give relevant reward to the agent. If the agent does not represent the principal as the follow of the principal, the principal can use some remedies, such as refuse to pay the agent, sue for damage, ask the agent to recover the thing as before. The most important legal effect of the agent relationship is that the principal should take the responsibility of the acts of the agent. In the case of the background, the action of the agent of purchasing the apartment is binding to the principal. The principal should take the responsibility for the agent action. The trade made by the agent and the third party is binding to the principal.[7] In general, the principal is not always disclosing. As for the disclosed principal, the principal is bound by any contract unless the following situations: the agent exceeds their authority, the agent agrees to be liable and the principal is non existent. With respect to the undisclosed principal, the third party can choose one or more to take the liability, while the principal can sue unless the identity of the party is essential to the contract. The agent relationship can be terminated for many reasons. The agent and the principal can make an agreement to end the relationship. The relationship also can be ended by other legal reasons, such as the death of one of the agent or the principal, time is expiring, and so on. In the case of the background, Derek, as the agent of Ray, gets some rights authorized by Ray. Derek can use the smallholding in reasonable means. Although Derek does not need to take the Criminal responsibility, he should bear the civil liability for his action which affects the normal life of the neighborhood around the smallholding. But, according the law about the agent, the principal Ray would be the first defendant. After Ray bears the responsibility for the action of Derek, Ray can ask for Derek to undertake the liability for his action. According to the Prohibition of Unsolicited Parties (Fictitious) Act 2010, this Act applies to a gathering of more than a hundred people on land for a social purpose. But it is a criminal offence to organize a gathering if there is without the permission of a local magistrate unless the organizer is an exempt person. In the act, the exempt person means the occupier, any member of his family or his employee or agent of his. In the case of the background, Ray asks Derek to keep an eye on his 5-acre smallholding while he is on holiday in Spain. According to the Prohibition of Unsolicited Parties (Fictitious) Act 2010, as the agent of Ray during his holiday in Spain, Derek in entitled to use the smallholding for some purpose. In order to celebrate the twenty-first birthday, Derek asks his friend to attend the party is match the provisions of the Prohibition of Unsolicited Parties (Fictitious) Act 2010. Even if Derek does not gain the permission of a local magistrate, he also has the right to hold the party at the reason that he is an exempt person. The reason why Derek is an exempt person is that Derek becomes the agent of Ray in the period of Ray’s leave due to the agreement of both parties. However, even if the action of Derek to ask his friends to attend the party is comply with the quest of the Prohibition of Unsolicited Parties (Fictitious) Act 2010, Conclusion In general, on action can infringe several laws. At the same time, one action is punished either it does not comply with the provision of the law or it does not match the legal principle. At some situations, legal principle plays a vital role in the society. In the situation that the existing law would not have the ability to solve the new problems happened in the society, the legal principle can play a part in solving the problem. As for these situations that there are no explicit legal rules to solve the issue, the legal principle would take it. As for the relationship of the agent, the agent can represent the principal to do some things. Even if the contract is formed by the agent and the third party, the principal should take the responsibility finally. Just as the case in the background, Derek should take the responsibility for his action. Reference ï ¼â€  Bibliography [1] Bolton Partners v Lambert (1889) 41 Ch D 295 [2] Christina Maria Vogerl, â€Å"Unfair Terms in Standard Form Contracts†, European Master Program in Law & Economics. [3] Leslie Green, â€Å"the concept of law revisited†, Michigan Law Review, vol.94; 1687 [4] Lloyd & Grace, Smith & Co [1912] AC 716 [5] Lunghi v Sinclair [1966] WAR 172 [6] Miguel, P 2007,‘reflections on relationships: the nature of partnership according to five NGOs in southern Mexico’, Development in Practice, volume 17, numbers 4-5 [7] P. J. du Plessis, â€Å"The Creation of Legal Principle†, Roman Legal Tradition, 4 (2008), 46–69, ISSN 1943-6483 [8] James B. Crippin, Jerry Ahern. Peter Squires. (2011). â€Å"First Response to Bombing Incidents and Weapons of Mass Destruction†. Chemical Rubber Company Press. [9] Aled Griffiths, â€Å"How are statutes interpreted?†, page617, Law for Non-Lawyers, Second Edition, ISBN 978-0-85776-696-0 ———————– [1] Leslie Green, â€Å"the concept of law revisited†, Michigan Law Review, vol.94;1687 [2] P. J. du Plessis, â€Å"The Creation of Legal Principle†, Roman Legal Tradition, 4 (2008), 46–69, ISSN 1943-6483 [3] Christina Maria Vogerl,â€Å"-$%01234;@EFLRWX_hiwxyÃ… ½Ãƒ µÃƒ ¬Ãƒ  Ãƒ ¬Ãƒ µÃƒ ¬Ãƒ µÃƒâ€Ãƒ ¬Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ ¬Ã‚ ³Ã‚ §Ã…“? ³Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ã‚ ³{ ³m ³aTD ³h–’à ¬hà a «5?CJ aJ mHh ´Chà a «5?CJ aJ h–’à ¬hà a «5?CJ aJ o([pic]hßshà a «5?CJ aJ hà a «5?CJ aJ Unfair Terms in Standard Form Contracts†, European Master Program in Law & Economics. [4] Miguel, P 2007,â€Å"reflections on relationships: the nature of partnership according to five NGOs in southern Mexico†, Development in Practice, volume 17, numbers 4-5 [5] Bolton Partners v Lambert (1889) 41 Ch D 295 [6] Lunghi v Sinclair [1966] WAR 172 [7] Lloyd & Grace, Smith & Co [1912] AC 716