American Revolution The Boston Massacre

In the years following the French and Indian War, the Parliament increasingly sought ways to alleviate the financial burden caused by the conflict. Assessing methods for raising funds, it was decided to levy new taxes on the American colonies with the goal of offsetting some of the cost for their defense. The first of these, the Sugar Act of 1764, was quickly met by outrage from colonial leaders who claimed taxation without representation, as they had no members of Parliament to represent their interests. The following year, Parliament passed the Stamp Act which called for tax stamps to be placed on all paper goods sold in the colonies. The first attempt to apply a direct tax to the North American colonies, the Stamp Act was met with widespread protests. Across the colonies, new protest groups, known as the Sons of Liberty formed to fight the new tax. Uniting in the fall of 1765, colonial leaders appealed to Parliament stating that as they had no representation in Parliament, the tax was unconstitutional and against their rights as Englishmen. These efforts led to the Stamp Acts repeal in 1766, though Parliament quickly issued the Declaratory Act which stated that they retained the power to tax the colonies. Still seeking additional revenue, Parliament passed the Townshend Acts in June 1767. These placed indirect taxes on various commodities such as lead, paper, paint, glass, and tea. Again citing taxation without representation, the Massachusetts legislature sent a circular letter to their counterparts in the other colonies asking them to join in resisting the new taxes. London Responds In London, the Colonial Secretary, Lord Hillsborough, responded by directing colonial governor to dissolve their legislatures if they responded to the circular letter. Sent in April 1768, this directive also ordered the Massachusetts legislature to rescind the letter. In Boston, customs officials began to feel increasingly threatened which led their chief, Charles Paxton, to request a military presence in the city. Arriving in May, HMS Romney (50 guns) took up a station in the harbor and immediately angered Bostons citizens when it began impressing sailors and intercepting smugglers. Romney was joined that fall by four infantry regiments which were dispatched to the city by General Thomas Gage. While two were withdrawn the following year, the 14th and 29th Regiments of Foot remained in 1770. As military forces began to occupy Boston, colonial leaders organized boycotts of the taxed goods in an effort to resist the Townshend Acts. The Mob Forms Tensions in Boston remained high in 1770 and worsened on February 22 when young Christopher Seider was killed by Ebenezer Richardson. A customs official, Richardson had randomly fired into a mob that had gathered outside his house hoping to make it disperse. Following a large funeral, arranged by Sons of Liberty leader Samuel Adams, Seider was interred at the Granary Burying Ground. His death, along with a burst of anti-British propaganda, badly inflamed the situation in the city and led many to seek confrontations with British soldiers. On the night of March 5, Edward Garrick, a young wigmakers apprentice, accosted Captain Lieutenant John Goldfinch near the Custom House and claimed that the officer had not paid his debts. Having settled his account, Goldfinch ignored the taunt. This exchange was witnessed by Private Hugh White who was standing guard at the Custom House. Leaving his post, White exchanged insults with Garrick before striking him in the head with his musket. As Garrick fell, his friend, Bartholomew Broaders, took up the argument. With tempers rising, the two men created a scene and a crowd began to gather. In an effort to quiet the situation, local book merchant Henry Knox informed White that if he fired his weapon he would be killed. Withdrawing to safety of the Custom House stairs, White awaited aid. Nearby, Captain Thomas Preston received word of Whites predicament from a runner. Blood on the Streets Gathering a small force, Preston departed for the Custom House. Pushing through the growing crowd, Preston reached White and directed his eight men to form a semi-circle near the steps. Approaching the British captain, Knox implored him to control his men and reiterated his earlier warning that if his men fired he would be killed. Understanding the delicate nature of the situation, Preston responded that he was aware of that fact. As Preston yelled at the crowd to disperse, he and his men were pelted with rocks, ice, and snow. Seeking to provoke a confrontation, many in the crowd repeatedly yelled Fire! Standing before his men, Preston was approached by Richard Palmes, a local innkeeper, who inquired if the soldiers weapons were loaded. Preston confirmed that they were but also indicated that he was unlikely to order them to fire as he was standing in front of them. Shortly thereafter, Private Hugh Montgomery was hit with an object that caused him to fall and drop his musket. Angered, he recovered his weapon and yelled Damn you, fire! before shooting into the mob. After a brief pause, his compatriots began firing into the crowd though Preston had not given orders to do so. In the course of the firing, eleven were hit with three being killed instantly. These victims were James Caldwell, Samuel Gray, and runaway slave Crispus Attucks. Two of the wounded, Samuel Maverick and Patrick Carr, died later. In the wake of the firing, the crowd withdrew to the neighboring streets while elements of the 29th Foot moved to Prestons aid. Arriving on the scene, Acting Governor Thomas Hutchinson worked to restore order. The Trials Immediately beginning an investigation, Hutchison bowed to public pressure and directed that British troops be withdrawn to Castle Island. While the victims were laid to rest with great public fanfare, Preston and his men were arrested on March 27. Along with four locals, they were charged with murder. As tensions in the city remained dangerously high, Hutchinson worked to delay their trial until later in the year. Through the summer, a propaganda war was waged between the Patriots and Loyalists as each side tried to influence opinion abroad. Eager to build support for their cause, the colonial legislature endeavored to ensure that the accused received a fair trial. After several notable Loyalist attorneys refused to defend Preston and his men, the task was accepted by well-known Patriot lawyer John Adams. To assist in the defense, Adams selected Sons of Liberty leader Josiah Quincy II, with the organizations consent, and Loyalist Robert Auchmuty. They were opposed by Massachusetts Solicitor General Samuel Quincy and Robert Treat Paine. Tried separately from his men, Preston faced the court in October. After his defense team convinced the jury that he had not ordered his men to fire, he was acquitted. The following month, his men went to court. During the trial, Adams argued that if the soldiers were threatened by the mob, they had a legal right to defend themselves. He also pointed out that if they were provoked, but not threatened, the most they could be guilty of was manslaughter. Accepting his logic, the jury convicted Montgomery and Private Matthew Kilroy of manslaughter and acquitted the rest. Invoking the benefit of clergy, the two men were publically branded on the thumb rather than imprisoned. Aftermath Following the trials, tension in Boston remained high. Ironically, on March 5, the same day as the massacre, Lord North introduced a bill in Parliament that called for a partial repeal of the Townshend Acts. With the situation in the colonies reaching a critical point, Parliament eliminated most aspects of the Townshend Acts in April 1770, but left a tax on tea. Despite this, conflict continued to brew. It would come to head in 1774 following the Tea Act and the Boston Tea Party. In the months after the latter, Parliament passed a series of punitive laws, dubbed the Intolerable Acts, which set the colonies and Britain firmly on the path to war. The American Revolution would begin on April 19, 1775, when to two sides first clashed at Lexington and Concord. Selected Sources Massachusetts Historical Society: The Boston MassacreBoston Massacre TrialsiBoston: Boston Massacre

The Presentation of Mr. Brocklehurst in Brontes Jane...

The Presentation of Mr. Brocklehurst in Brontes Jane Eyre Chapter seven sees Jane slightly more experienced to the ways of Lowood School. She has come to accept the poor conditions laid down by Mr. Brocklehurst, however has not yet learnt to ignore them and Bronte describes Jane suffering a lot in this chapter. This lack of food and appalling living conditions are down to the head of the school, Mr. Brocklehurst. This man uses his apparent strong beliefs in Christianity as an excuse to provide the children of Lowood with the absolute bare minimum. Brocklehurst claims his â€Å"mission is to mortify in these girls the lusts of the flesh†, presenting the idea that perhaps Brocklehurst is simply a man that has a immensely firm grasp of his†¦show more content†¦nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Shortly after, Brocklehurst gives a short lecture to Miss. Temple (quot;Madam allow me an instant...starve their immortal souls!quot;) proclaiming the righteousness behind his puritanist doctrine he forces upon the girls. He speaks to Miss. Temple in a civil tone, however he maintains a superior, self-obsessed tone throughout. His beliefs are directly spoonfed to the reader here, he simply reels them off and this is where the readers initial interpretation of Brocklehurst simply being an immensely cruel man with no empathy whatsoever is replaced with a view of him being a religious fanatic. He is not portrayed as hypocritical at this stage, simply quite obsessive towards his beliefs. It is possible to interpret him as a decent human being here, as it appears he genuinely believes that unless the girls live a life following a set of standards like what he is putting across here they will without go to hell. The girls had recently been prepared extra food after their breakfast was spoilt. He states that a quot;judiscious instructorquot; would take this oppurtunity to refer to the quot;suffering of primitive christiansquot; and the quot;torments of martyrsquot;, suggesting that he genuinely believes he is creating faithful mart yrs out of the girls by treating them like this. He quotes from the Bible quot;If ye suffer hunger...happy are yequot;, apparently valuing this quote and doing everything he canShow MoreRelatedRole Of Childhood In Jane Eyre1118 Words   |  5 PagesDiscuss the presentation of childhood in Jane Eyre and Hard Times It is important to appreciate historical context when studying literature in order to gain as thorough understanding of the text as possible. Jane Eyre is a bildungsroman novel originally published in the 19th Century when Victorian attitudes to childhood differed considerably from today. Victorian England was a very patriotic society. Both Jane Eyre and Hard Times were written in an era of social upheaval. During the 17th andRead MoreFeminism In Jane Eyre1729 Words   |  7 Pagescentral themes in many amazing works of literature. This concept represents feminine independence and self-esteem in a male-dominated society. One of the famous authors who convey this idea is Charlotte Brontà « especially in her best-selling novel Jane Eyre in which she discusses the social background of the Victorian society and its effect on women. What society teaches women is not always right; it is up to women to rely on their moral senses to take the proper path for their actions. During the Victorian

Mona Lisa Compare Contrast Free Essays

In the 14th century, a new cultural movement known as the Renaissance began. Young Leonardo Dad Vinci constructed a portrait known as the Mona Lisa. This painting is arguably the most famous painting of time. We will write a custom essay sample on Mona Lisa Compare Contrast or any similar topic only for you Order Now Now in the 21st century, a fresh artist â€Å"Abstract,† has developed a similar work of art associated to the Mona Lisa known as â€Å"Wonder’s Finest. † With both pieces of work containing the same subject along with different time periods, there is no doubt that both of these paintings contain it’s differences and similarities accordingly to their centuries. The differences include the backgrounds, the different colors, and the way â€Å"Mona Lisa,† is represented. The Mona Lisa has its many mysteries, but none other than it’s background and landscape. The landscape of the Mona Alias’s painting describes both the negative and positive viewpoints on society during the time of the Renaissance period. To the left of the artwork, represents a green healthy environment with a river signaling the peace and tranquility of the time period. To the right of the landscape, a dry wasted and appears with a bridge. This represents a switch of spirit between good and evil. It foreshadows the period to when Medici took over Florence through tyranny and took over the Pope’s spot in Italy. In comparison with â€Å"Wonder’s Finest,† it too shows a spiritual battle between evil and good. The angel is trying to lure â€Å"Mona Local,† back from the wraths of the demon and beneath the window, appears a garden of peace and tranquility. In today’s society, it’s that same type of conflict. We live in a spiritual oral between God and the devil as both trying to win the souls of mankind. The morality of this abstract reveals how the devil has almost completely claimed the life of once-innocent Mona Lisa. The background suggests that those who have fallen to the devil are now trapped within the deserts of Egypt. The bottles of alcohol suggests that her life has been consumed by heavy drinking as well. In the original Mona Lisa painting, the female who is drawn is a light-hearted madam who smile and body position describe who she is, what she is living and why s she living it. In the artwork â€Å"Mona Lisa,† the light colors represent lightness in her life and heart. Although, the painting features both light and evil colors, the amount of light represented outshines the darkness. Her smile represents the goodness in her heart. Also, it represents the mood as she has successfully defeated the darkness of those ages. Her black dress with the golden sleeves represent a a well respected housewife. Both paintings suggest Mona Lisa and Mona Local were well fascinated by their breasts. They both expose the cleavage of breasts presuming to the seduction of men. In contrast, â€Å"Mona Local,† is a straight on where Just by how she was drawn with the naughtiest position and dark image. The black and gray colors symbolize the dead soul inside of her. Her posture sells her out completely. Her legs are wide open and her exposed breasts explaining the hustler business she runs. The light colors by the near side window can be explained as to her life in a different dimension. The life where she dreams of going, but yet sees it so far away due to her condition. The clothing she wears are fishnets attached with dirty money, with a short skirt and a see-through bra. Her face melting away is a clear sign she is almost disappearing from this world. I have seen thousands of paintings, but none like these two. Both of the painting share it’s extremes coincidences in differences and similarities that tie both paintings together to society. It is crazy to think that young inspired artists drew these not knowingly the effect they would have on society through it’s interpretation. How to cite Mona Lisa Compare Contrast, Papers

Corporate Communication Plan for Samsung Company †Free Sample

Question: Discuss about the Corporate Communication Plan for Samsung Company . Answer: Introduction A communication plan plays an integral role in the success of any business project. Cornelissen (2011) argues thatit is an essential document for complex and high-risk company tasks and as such it is imperative for the person left with the responsibility of preparing the communication program to ensure that all pertinent details are captured and issued to the relevant parties timely and in the most appealing presentation possible. This plan is mainly used to describe how the organization's stakeholders among other interested publics either internal or external will be kept informed during the business project (Society for Human Resource Management, 2006). Stakeholder identification The recall project of the company will be influenced and affected by various interested groups both internal and external. In order to provide Samsung with the basis for figuring out the point at which a concession or a standard benefit will meet, the Corporation is committed to a plan of analyzing the relevant stakeholders listed in accordance with their significance and their individual interests (Argenti, 2007). Shareholders- During the lifetime of the project Samsung Company will present the shareholders with efficiently-presented facts and figures since their interests are value-based. These individuals are expected to make their decisions hoping that the business task of recalling products will not result in any loss or side effects (Westland, 2007). The customers- The primary interest of the clients in the recalling task is the value of the new products offered as well as their safety. In addition, they are expecting the company's decision of replacing original devices will be cost-effective and result in maximum benefit. Suppliers, creditors and insurance providers- These parties take the risk of providing support to the entity. The replacement mission of Samsung Company will aim at protecting their interests by avoiding subjecting them to additional threats or losses (Kloppenborg, 2015). Objective and scope of the communication plan This communication plan aims at outlining the strategies and methodologies to be employed for the recalling task communication, distribution of information as well as how the project will be managed throughout its epoch (Project Management Institute, 2008). The principal objects of this communication program are to: Share information among the involved parties and create alignment with external shareholders to ease replacement of the initial devices and maintain customer loyalty in the products of Samsung. Identify and enhance a strategy to inform significant stakeholders. Maintain the mission of transformation of the corporations products. Manage relevant information and expectations of various interested parties (Marchewka, 2015). This communication plan will cover: Information distribution- How relevant information will be disseminated to all parties involved in the project. Communication planning-It will cover the information requirements of various stakeholders, the time they need it, format, suitable means as well as how to receive message and feedback Stakeholder management- Recognition of different task stakeholders, evaluation of their needs and interests in the company (Vandenbosch, 2003). Various formal and informal communication channels In the course of the devices replacement project, the company will employ both formal and informal communication channels. Official communications within the organization will be executed through well-known channels following a chain of command to transmit information such as the objectives, procedures, and policies of Samsung in the recalling project (Berman, 2007). Besides, the organization will make use of informal communication networks which are not based upon any set measures thus they will allow the involved parties to take inventiveness into their own hands. Informal communication channels are employed during this replacement project to enable people to come up with ideologies and plans to make the whole task successful (Sengupta, 2011). Examples of formal communication channels that Samsung purposes to utilize in this mission include circulars, minutes, board conferences and a companys newsletter that will be providing the staff members as well as customers with its set goals and vision in the replacement project (Russell, 2000). In addition, in an attempt to back up the efforts of the annual reports and employers manual, Samsung will conduct client satisfaction surveys all which will encompass formal communication networks. However, the corporation has thought it wise to consider the merits and demerits associated with various official communication channels to test their suitability and effectiveness during the execution of the recalling project (DuBrin, 2009). Advantages of formal communication channels Secure communication systems among the top level executives and the employees Quick task accomplishment since they enable various parties to communicate with ease Ease of coordination and cooperation of activities throughout the lifetime of the project Disadvantages of formal communication channels Inflexibility since these communication systems do not allow somebody to change their views when the need be. Lack of initiative hence deprived creativeness of employees because everybody is expected to do their duty by adhering to a predetermined set system (UNEP Dams and Development Project, 2007). Moreover, informal communication channels are considered suitable for the devices recalling process since they empower members handling routine customer issues and problems in various branches around the world. Informal discussions will mainly take place among the staff members to exchange their individual views primarily to satisfy the social needs of product buyers (Glenn, 2014). Examples of such communications include grapevine network which spreads throughout the firm and in every direction without putting into consideration the levels of authority. It is through grapevine that rumors will go around and deliberations which will transform into friendships outside the company (Lu, 2003). Besides, Samsung will include other informal communication platforms such as Twitter, Videos, Cartoons, and Facebook. Advantages of informal communication Speedy and spontaneous because information flows in these systems will be faster comparatively. Helps in establishing social relationships as they offer different parties a chance to associate well in a free environment Informal communication networks will aid in supplementing formal channels since there are some matters which cannot be communicated formally. Disadvantages of informal communication Unreliable information since most of the messages received through these systems are not relevant Informal communication networks may lead to the disclosure of confidential information which can be deemed detrimental to the company ( Heldman, Cram, 2004). Commentary about how I will critically evaluate the effectiveness of your communications plan. In an attempt to ensure a splendid communication strategy during the companys project, I will conduct a thorough evaluation of this communication plan both during its execution and after its implementation. Carrying out the evaluation during the implementation will allow me to make necessary adjustments and response to new information during the project (Doak, Doak, In Fischhoff, In Brewer, In Downs, United States, 2011). Conducting analysis after its execution will most probably provide me with valuable lessons for future company projects. Evaluation of this communication strategy will take place throughout the project lifetime through holding regular official meetings to acquire updates and identify more needs of various interested parties. Another way I will evaluate the plan is through interactions with the customers and other target groups involved in the process (Haddow, Haddow, 2014). Conclusion A communication plan is a critical tool for the success of any business project. This strategy highlights imperative intricacies deemed essential throughout the lifetime of the organization task. For instance, Samsung after a careful adherence to the details included in this communication plan will be able to meet the needs of all affected customers by recalling some devices posing a safety risk to them. Besides, as depicted in the paper, a communication plan includes various information flow channels which can be used in the process as well as their merits and demerits. Summarily this program serves as a valuable tool for revealing critical details before the actual implementation of the project. References Cornelissen, J. (2011). Corporate Communication: A Guide to Theory and Practice. Society For Human Resource Management (E?. U.). (2006). The essentials of corporate communications and public relations. Boston, Mass: Harvard Business School Press. Argenti, P. A. (2007). Strategic corporate communication. New Delhi: Tata McGraw-Hill Pub. Co. Project Management Institute. (2008). A guide to the project management body of knowledge: (PMBOK Guide). Newtown Square, Pa: Project Management Institute. Sengupta, S. (2011). Business and managerial communication. New Delhi: PHI Learning Private Limited. Russell, L. (2000). Project management for trainers: Stop "winging it" and get control of your training projects. Alexandria, Va: ASTD. DuBrin, A. J. (2009). Essentials of management. Mason, OH: Thomson Business Economics. Lu, X.-A. (2003). "Public Secrets" as a phenomenon in organizational communication: How public knowledge fails to become organizational action. Lincoln, NE: iUniverse. Doak, L. G., Doak, C. C., In Fischhoff, B., In Brewer, N. T., In Downs, J. S., United States. (2011). Communicating risks and benefits: An evidence-based user's guide. Haddow, G. D., Haddow, K. (2014). Disaster communications in a changing media world. Westland, J. (2007). The project management lifecycle: A complete step-by-step methodology for initiating, planning, executing and closing a project successfully. London: Kogan Page. Berman, J. (2007). Maximizing project value: Defining, managing, and measuring for optimal return. New York: Amacom, American Management Association. Glenn, T. (2014). Professional communications in the public sector: A practical guide. UNEP Dams and Development Project., UNEP Dams and Development Project. (2007). Dams and development: Relevant practices for improved decision-making: a compendium of relevant practices for improved decision-making on dams and their alternatives. Nairobi: UNEP-DDP Secretariat. Kloppenborg, T. J. (2015). Contemporary project management: Organize, plan, perform. Vandenbosch, B. (2003). Designing solutions for your business problems: A structured process for managers and consultants. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Heldman, W., Cram, L. (2004). Project+ study guide. San Francisco: Sybex. Marchewka, J. T. (2015). Information technology project management: Providing measurable Organizational value.